GB 1225 
.V5 fi5 
1921 
Copy 1 



SPECIAL REPORT 

OF THE 

Vermont Water Resource Commission 

TO THE LEGISLATURE OF 1921 

OF THE 

STATE OF VERMONT 



MADE IN ACCORDANCE WITH No. 328 
OF THE ACTS OF 1919 



Prepared in Co-operation with the United States Geological Survey 

C. H. PIERCE, District Engineer 




FEBRUARY, 1921 



THE TUTTLE COMPANY. PubUshers 

MARBLE CITY PRESS 

RUTLAND, VT. 



SPECIAL REPORT 



Vermont Water Resource Commission 

TO THE LEGISLATURE OF 1921 

OF THE 

STATE OF VERMONT 



MADE IN ACCORDANCE WITH No. 328 
OF THE ACTS OF 1919 



Prepared in Co-operation with the United States Geological Survey 

C. H. PIERCE. District Engineer 




FEBRUARY, 1921 



THE TUTTLE COMPANY, PubUshers 

MARBLE CITY PRESS 

RUTLAND, VT. 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS i 
RECEIVED I 

OCT 5 1922 I 

DOCUMENTS DIVi.>tOi. ! 






To t}i& Governor and General Assemhly of the State of Vermont : 

In accordance with the provisions of a joint resolution pass- 
ed at the biennial session of 1919, being No. 328 of the acts of 
that session, we have the honor to make the following report. 

WALTER A. BUTTON 
WM. R. WARNER 
ELI. H. PORTER 
Public Service Commission of Vermont 

H. M.McINTOSH 

State Engineer 



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Report of the Water Resource Commission 



The joint resolution hereinbefore referred to provided that 
the public ser-sdce ctomirdssion and the state engineer snould con- 
stitute a ctommission to investigate the water resources of the 
state now developed or capable of development and to suggest 
methods of conserving, developing, and utilizing the same. The 
commission was given authority to study the methods and poli- 
cies of the various persons and corporations in control of the 
water resources of the state with a view to increasing the service 
and benefits to be secured from them ; and was required to report 
to the next session of the General Assembly and to include in 
their report such recommendations and drafts of legislation as 
to them might seem expedient 

No appropriation wias made by the legislature for the pay- 
ment of any expense incident to the performance of the duties 
provided by the resolution. 

The amount of work laid out in the said resolution might 
easily call for the services of a large corps of engineers and ac- 
countants during the entire biennial period; but in view of the 
f!act that no provision was made for the payment of any such ex- 
penses the commission did not feel warranted in incurring them ; 
the result being that the commission has limited its efforts to the 
securing of such information only as could be obtained without 
extra expense to the state. 

THE CONSERVATION COMMSSION OF 1915 

By No. 240 of the acts of 1915 provision was made for the 
appointment by the governor of three persons to constitute a con- 
servation commission to serve for two ye(ars without pay. 

The act provided for the payment of the actual expenses of 
the commission, for clerical and stenogiiaphic assistance not to 
exceed five hundred dollars annually, and authorized the em- 
ployment of expert engineering advice and service and to expend 
for that purpose not to exceed twenty-five hundred dollars for 
the biennial period. 

The commission was given general authority to investigate 
and determine desirable locations for storage reservoirs to store 
and hold flood water with a view to the prevention of damage by 
flood and the benefit of water powers developed and undeveloped, 
all of which appears by the act referred to, and were required to 
report to the next session of the General Assembly. 



6 

Pursuant to the provisions of this act Governor Chlarles W. 
Gates appointed as members of said commission former Lieuten- 
ant Governor Charles H. Stearns of Johnson, the present State 
Engineer H. M. Mcintosh of Burlington, and Mr. James A. 
Stacy of White River Junction. 

The commission so appointed performed its duties and made 
report to the General Assembly at the session of 1917. 

This report, published in a pamphlet of twenty-eight pages, 
contains much valuable general information and some particular 
information concerning the streams, lakes and ponds of Vermont, 
with nimierous maps and drawings. 

CO-OPERATION WITH UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL 

SURVEY 

By No. 289 of the Acts of 1912 the General Assembly appro- 
priated twelve hundred dollars annually for ' ' determining the 
amount of water available on streams of this stiate, for investiga- 
ting the best methods of utilizing the same, and for providing the 
people of this state wtith such information relating thereto as will 
further industrial development." 

By section 2 of that act the governor wjas authorized to en- 
ter into a co-operative agreement with the director of the United 
Sllates geological survey for the purpose of making the investi- 
gation aforesaid. Section 3 of the act provided in w^hat manner 
the money should be expended in case such co-operative agree- 
ment was entered into and how it should be expended in case 
no such co-oper(ative agreement was made. Section 4 of the act 
provided for an annual report to the governor by the director 
of the United States geological survey. 

By No. 139 of the Acts of 1917 the Act of 1912 was amended 
so as to cast upon the state engineer instead of the governor the 
duty of co-operating with the director of the United States 
geological survey. 

The acts referred to are now found in General Laws, sec- 
tion 403 ; and since the said Act of 1912 became a law the sum 
of twelve hundred dollars has been made annually available for 
the purposes set forth therein. 

Pursuant to the provisions of that act and the amiendments 
thereto the state engineer entered into a co-operative agreement 
with the director of the United States geological survey; and, 
under that agreement, investigations of the streams, lakes and 
ponds, Avater sheds, reserA^oirs, opportunities for storage, water 
powers developed and undeveloped and other related subject 
matters, have been carried on and the results of those investiga- 
tions appear in reports which have been made from time to time 



and published at the government printing office at Washington. 
One of those reports is dated in 1917 and is entitled ''Water- 
Supply, Paper 424/' 

That report contains under the title of "Gazetteer of 
Streains" a general description of nearly or quite all the streams 
and bodies of water in the state arranged by names in alpha- 
betical order and covers seventy-seven pages of that report. It 
may be obtained from the superintendent of documents at the 
government printing office at Washington, D. C, for twenty -five 
cents. 

Prior to the co-operative arrangement between the state of 
V'ermont and the director of United States geological survey, 
gauging stations had been established under the authority of 
the last named government officer upon several of the principal 
streams in Vermont for the purpose of measuring the quantity 
of water flowing in those streams; and, since the establishment 
of co-operation between the general government in this state, 
that practice has continued until the present time and has re- 
suited in the accumulation of much valuable information as to 
the flow of water in the different streams at the various seasons 
of the year. 

Government investigations, the results of which appear in 
Water-Supply Paper 424 hereinbefore referred to, were in 
charge of C. H. Pierce, District Engineer, with headquarters 
at Boston. 

During the last biennial period this work has been contin- 
ued under the joint arrangement, Mr. Pierce co-operating with 
State Engineer Mcintosh, and the report of their work is here- 
inafter contained and made a part of this report. 

The work undertaken by the general government and the 
State of Vermont in co-operation during the last biennial period 
hias covered not only the measuring of the wiater in the streams 
in Vermont but has taken up the examination of the general 
features including the amount of water power at present in- 
stalled, the opportunitiesi for further development of water 
powers and for stonage basins, and certain other geological fea- 
tures relating to the White River basin, all of which information 
will be of great value to persons who may hereafter engage in 
the improvement of the water powers in that basin. 

Vermont is rich in small water powers on a large number 
of its rivers and at the outlet of its niunerous ponds and lakes ; 
but the problem of the future would seem to be to provide some 
plan by which the enormous quantity of water running to waste 
during high water periods may be impounded and made avail- 
able for the production of power during times of drouth. 



8 

The great advance in price of coal as fuel hjas made the use 
of power in this vicinity produced by that means prohibitive; 
and the increasing demand for power must be supplied from 
some other source. That source lies in the creation of storage 
reservoii^ which will serve the double purpose, of preventing 
damage by floods and storing water for use in the production 
of power. 

The advantage obtained by providing for ,an even, constant 
flow of water in the power-producing streams is well illustrated 
by the facts which appear upon pages 9 and 10 of the report of 
the conservation commission hereinbefore referred to as to the 
results in the Deerfield valle}^ Th^ere ,a storage reservoir has 
been completed with a capacity of 2,600,000,000 cubic feet, suf- 
ficient to hold back the entire rain fall of the Deerfleld river 
valley above that point. The water thus kept in storage is re- 
leased when needed and assures a constant flow in the stream 
below, relieving power producers of the necessity of building 
and maintaining expensive auxiliar}^ steam plants, which would 
otherwise be necessary to bridge over times of low water. 

Electric power is now being applied to a great viariety of 
uses and enters more and more into the daily activities of all 
lines of endeavor. It is well worth considering by the legislature 
what can be done to increase the efficiency and cheapen the cost 
of this powerful agency. 

For these reasons we recommend that the joint arrangement, 
which has existed be continued and that during the next biennial 
period information similar to that which is presented in this 
report as to the White River basin be procured respecting the 
basins of other streams in the state, carrying this investigation 
as far as possible within the limits of the appropriation for 
that purpose. 

As this work comes naturally within the province of the 
engineering department wie recommend that it be left as at 
present within the jurisdiction of the state engineer. 



PROGRESS OF STREAM GAGING IN VERMONT 
During the two-year period ending Sept. 30, 1920. 



Boston, November, 15, 1920. 

To iJie Honorable, The Governor of Vermont, 
State House, Montpelier, Yt. 

Dear Sir: 

The work of investigating the water resources of Vermont 
lias been carried on during the piast two years in co-operation 
with the State, the co-operating state official being M;r. H. M. 
Mcintosh, State Engineer. In addition to obtaining records of 
stream flow, an effort has been made to obtain data relative to 
use of the water, and this information has been secured for a 
considerable number of the water power developments. 

A knowledge of the exact location, size, and use of the 
power developments, together with information respecting addi- 
tional possibilities for developing power or increasing the power 
by means of storage, should be of value to the general public 
and also to state boards and commissions having to do with 
problems in valuation and rate making. 

It has not been considered practicable to include in this 
report all of the wlater power data that have been obtained, but 
the information has been compiled for the White River basin, 
and is transmitted herewith, together with the tables showing 
the flow of the rivers as measured at the gaging stations. 

The tables accompanying this report show the daily and 
monthly discharge at eleven gaging stations. The stations on 
Otter Creek at Middlebury, Dog River at Northfleld, and Pas- 
sumpsic River near St. Johnsbury have now been discontinued, 
and new stations established on "West River at Newfane, Mollys 
P>rook near Marshfield, Jail Branch of Winooski River at East 
Barre, and Second Branch of White River near North Randolph. 
All of the gaging stations now being maintained are well 
equipped and good records are being obtained. 

Respectfully submitted, 

C. H. PIERCE, 

District Engineer. 



10 



UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE STATE OF VERMONT 



Records of Stream Flow for the Two- Year Period ending 
September 30, 1920 

Lake Champlain drainage basin: 

Lake Champlain (gage heights) 
Otter Creek 
Winooski River 

Dog River 
Lamoille River 

Green River 
IVIissisquoi River 

Lake Memphremagog drainage basin : 

Clyde River 

Connecticut River drainage basin: 

Connecticut River 
Passumpsic River 
White River 
West River 



11 

Lake Ohamplain at Burlington, Vt. 
Location. — On south side of roadway leading to dock of 
Champlain Transportation Co., at foot of King St., Burlington. 

Records available. — ^May 1, 1907, to September 30, 1920. 

Gage. — Staff. Comparisons of gage readings indicate that 
zero of gage at Burlington is at practieally the same elevation as 
that of gage at Fort Montgomery, 92.5 feet above mean sea 
level. Gage read bv employee of the Chiamplain Transportation 
Co. 

Extremes of stage. — 1907-1920: Maximum stage recorded, 
8.20 feet on April 7, 1913 ; minimum stage recorded, — 0.25 foot 
on December 4, 1908. 

Ice. — Lake Champlain does not usually close over in its 
wider portions until the latter part of Janu^iary. Occasionally 
the period of closure does not occur until February, and some- 
times only lasts for a few d(ays. At the northern end of the 
lake above the outlet the period of ice cover is usually from 
the middle of December to the middle of April. 

Accuracy. — Oage read to hundredths once a djay at irregular 
intervals. Allien the lake is rough, there is considerable wave 
action at the gage and readings at those times may not be exact. 

Co-operation. — Gage heights furnished through the courtesy 
of Mr. D. A. Lomis, general manager of the Champlain Trans- 
portation Co. 



12 



Daily gage height, in feet, of Lake Champlain at Burlington, Vt., for the years 
ending Sept. 30, 1919 and 1920. 



Day 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


A.ug. 


Sept. 


1918-19 
1 


2.75 


4.75 
4.95 

'4.'95 
5.00 

4.97 






3.47 


2.56 


4.82 
4.80 
4.77 
4.78 
4.80 

'4. '96 

5.22 
5.47 

5.50 
5.93 


s.'so 

5.76 

'sies 

5.82 


■4!85 
4.79 
4.74 
4.60 


3.10 
3.05 
2.96 
2.92 

2.88 


i'.iQ 


1 18 


2 


■4:75 
4.70 


4.20 
4.30 


1 18 


3 


2.74 


3.43 


2.68 
2.76 
2.82 

2.88 
2.96 
2.98 




4 


1.68 

1.64 


1 16 


5 


3.00 




3.30 




6 


4.62 






7 


3.65 
4.06 
4.15 
4.24 

4.22 




3.22 




2.78 
2.72 


1.58 


.... 


8 


4.80 

4.72 
4.60 


■4;35 

4.30 


4.12 


5.70 
5.74 
5.67 

5.45 
5.38 
5.25 

"b'.hh 

5.07 

5.02 
4.95 




1 06 


9 




10 




3.10 


3.02 

3.12 
3.14 


4.33 

4.22 
4.16 
4.06 
3.97 

3.96 
3.90 

3.88 

'siso 






11 


2.59 
2.46 


1.46 
1.44 




12 






3.00 
2.97 




13 




4.13 


"s.'ss 


1 40 


14 




4.42 




6.50 
6.58 

6.60 
6.65 
6.67 
6.70 

6.60 
6.58 


2.38 
2.33 

'2!32 

2.28 
2.26 

2.18 


1.38 
1.36 

1.36 




15 






3.24 

■3;i4 

3.20 
3.37 
3.46 

3.70 
3.87 


1 52 


16 


4.10 
4.02 


4.22 

"4. '30 
4.67 
5.03 

5.23 
5.28 


4.33 
4.43 
4.38 


■3.75 

3.72 


■2186 
2.82 




17 




18 


1.34 




19 






20 








2.74 
2.70 


1.24 
1.24 


1.40 


21 







3.60 




22 


3.93 
3.95 


1 40 


23 


4.13 








2.10 


1.24 


1.40 


24 


3.55 


2.60 
2.56 
2.56 


4.07 
4.10 
4.10 
4.10 

4.28 
4.60 

■4!78 


6.36 


5.30 


3.50 




25 










1.22 
1.24 




26 


3.90 


5.15 






6.22 
6.12 
6.06 
6.02 
5.96 

6.30 


5.33 
5.31 
5.26 
5.19 

7.72 


3.35 
3.27 




1.40 


27 








28 






4.37 




2.48 








29 


3.90 
4.10 
4.40 

1.32 


4.90 
2.46 






1.18 




30 

31 

1919-20 
1 


4.33 
4.30 

3.22 
3.30 
3.26 


3.50 




3.16 

4.75 
4.70 
4.60 
4.50 
4.40 

'4!27 
4.15 
4.08 
4.05 

3.90 
3.85 

■3:68 
3.63 

3.63 
3.53 
3.45 
3.40 
3.34 

3.30 

■3;i4 

3.10 
3.04 

2.98 

■2;82 

2.80 


1.88 
1.80 

2.78 
2.75 


1.30 


2 






1.64 






3 


1.38 

1.56 
1.72 
1.83 
1.86 


2.77 
2.82 
2.90 

3.10 
3.15 
3.20 

■3;25 


■ 




6.45 


7.60 
7.60 
7.50 

7.40 
7.28 
7.12 

'6!98 

6.88 
6.78 
6.66 
6.57 
6.45 

'6!26 
6.15 
5.97 
5.86 

5.77 
5.68 

"b'.'hZ 
5.47 

5.42 
5.32 
5.22 
5.12 


2.24 


1.56 


4 




1.80 


t 




5 

6 


3.15 


2.35 


1.62 


6.55 

6.80 
6.94 
6.98 
6.90 

6.90 
7.14 

7.20 

■7:25 
7.20 


2.68 
2.60 


2.16 


1.45 


7:::::::::::::::::: 








2.06 


1.42 


8... . 


3.12 
3.08 










9 

10 




1.78 


1.72 

1.74 

1.78 

1.74 
1.90 


2.62 

2.68 


2.02 


1.46 


11 


1.92 


3.20 


'2!i6 






1.44 


12 


2.64 
2.60 


1.97 




13 


2.02 








14 












1.56 


15 


2.04 

2.07 
2.06 
2.08 


3.45 
'3138 








2.30 

2.40 
2.50 
2.84 
3.06 
3.22 


2.52 
2.52 


1.94 
1.94 


1.65 


16 

17 

18 


3.16 




1.74 


"\.m 

1.58 


19 




1.98 




2.52 


1.90 




20 


2.12 




2.96 


1.60 


21. . 


2.49 
2.49 
2.50 






22 












3.40 
3.50 
3.65 
4.00 

4.42 
4.82 


7.22 
7.30 
7.42 

7.60 
7.55 
7.55 

■7!70 




1.72 
1.76 




23 

24 


2.19 
2.20 


"s.so 

3.28 
3.28 
■3;28 


2.86 


1.95 




1.54 


25 

26 


■2;65 


1.94 






1.70 




27 

28 


2.13 


2.4£ 
2.36 
2.32 
2.2c 

2.26 




1.52 


■29 

30 


2.16 


2.65 






5.85 
5.98 

6.2c 


1.65 
1.65 


1.50 
1.48 


31 






2.60 









13 

Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt. 

Location. — At the railroad bridge about half a mile south of 
the railroad station at Middlebury, Addison County, 3V2 miles 
below the mouth of Middlebury River, and 3^/^ miles above 
mouth of New Haven liiver. 

Draiyiage area. — ^615 square miles. 

Records availaUc—ApTil 1, 1903, to May 1, 1907, and Oc- 
tober 5, 1910, to January 31, 1920. 

Gage. — Chain; read by N. A. Brooks. 

DiscJiarge measurements. — Made from a boat just below 
railroad bridge, at the stone-arch highway bridge just above 
the dam, or by wading. 

Channel and control. — Channel deep; current sluggish for 
several miles above the station. Control for low stages is gravel 
and boulder rips about 800 feet below gage, and is somewhat 
shifting ; control at high stages is near the dam 800 feet farther 
downstream. 

Extremes of discharge. —1903-1907 and 1910-1920: Maxi- 
mum stage recorded 21.07 feet March 30, 1913 (lapproximate 
discharge from extension of rating curve, about 8,000 second- 
feet) ; minimum open-water stage recorded, 11.45 feet Septem- 
ber 15, 1913 (discharge 138 second-feet). A somewhat lower 
dischjarge has possibly occurred at various times when the stage- 
discharge relation was affected by ice. 

Ice. — Ice usually forms to a considerable thickness at the 
gage and occasionally at the control, affecting the stage-dis- 
charge relation during most winters. 

Regulation. — Probably little if any effect from power de- 
velopments above the station. Considerable storage has been 
developed on tributaries near the headAvaters. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation has changed slightly 
at various times. Rating curs^es fairly well defined for periods 
used. Chain gage read to quarter-tenths once daily. Daily 
discharge ascertained by applying rating table to daily gag^: 
heights. Results fair. 



14 



Discharge measurements of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt., during the 
two-year period ending September 30, 1920. 



Date 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 



Discharge 



1919 
Jan. 

Feb. 



3 
4 
27 
28 
28 
June 26 
27 
27 
29 



Sept. 15 

1920 
Jan. 20 



R. H. Suttie 

R. H. Suttie 

M. R. Stackpole, 
M. R. Stackpole 
M. R. Stackpole, 

R. H. Suttie 

R. H. Suttie . . . . 

R. H. Suttie 

R. H. Suttie 

29R.H. Suttie.... 
M. R. Stackpole. 

H.S.Price 



Feet 

14.11 

14.17 

12.38 

12.44 

12.42 

12.15 

12.22 

12.22 

12.84 

12.80 

14.55 

(a) 12.50 



Sec.-ft. 

1,660 

1,720 

531 

553 

541 

355 

377 

390 

737 

700 

2,010 

283 



(a) Stage-discharge relation affected by ice. 



15 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt., for the years ending Sept. 

30, 1919 and 1920. 



Day 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept, 


1918-19 
1 


1,440 
970 
765 
830 
735 

1,270 
1,970 
1,700 
1,350 
1,040 

900 
765 
705 
585 
705 

615 
615 
500 
615 

585 

530 
645 
735 
675 
615 

555 
615 
705 
705 
675 
2,690 

475 
450 
502 
530 
530 

475 
830 
900 
735 
645 

645 
705 
645 
585 
557 

530 

830 

1,440 

1,270 

970 

900 
900 
970 
900 
765 

645 
705 
1,040 
1,270 
1,190 
1,110 


2,420 
2,150 
1,610 
1,360 
1,130 

1,060 
930 
870 
840 
780 

690 
690 
690 
660 
635 

635 

635 

585 

2,510 

2,510 

2,420 
2,150 
1,880 
1,440 
1,200 

930 
780 
750 
720 
990 

1,440 
1,610 
1,610 
1,610 
1,440 

1,790 
1,970 
1,790 
1,610 
1,440 

1,270 
1,350 
2,240 
2,330 
2,240 

2,150 
1,880 
1,610 
1,350 
1,110 

970 

900 

1,190 

1,270 

1,190 

1,040 
1,040 
1,040 
1,110 
1,610 


870 
780 
690 
750 
780 

660 
780 
635 
660 
750 

635 
635 
635 
660 
1,610 

1,700 
1,610 

930 
1,610 

870 

870 

810 

1.200 

1,610 

1,530 

1,970 
1,880 
1,700 
1,610 
1,130 
1,280 

2,060 
2,150 
2,150 
1,790 
1,440 

1,520 
1,040 
1,040 
1,040 
970 

2,150 
1,790 
1,270 
1,520 
1,610 

900 
840 
820 
760 
700 

640 
580 
580 
560 
540 

420 
420 
400 
400 
380 
380 


1,280 
1,440 
1,700 
1,700 
1,790 

1,790 
1,610 
1,200 
1,130 
1,280 

1,280 

1,700 

1,130 

810 

810 

870 
810 
810 
810 
810 

720 

720 

690 

1,280 

1,790 

1,610 
1,530 
1,280 
1,130 
1,060 
930 

370 
330 
330 
250 
220 

220 
250 
250 
290 
290 

290 
220 
250 
250 
290 

290 
250 
330 
250 
290 

290 
290 
250 
290 
290 

220 
290 
290 
250 
250 
250 


930 

840 
720 
720 
720 

690 
660 
660 
560 
510 

535 
585 
535 
510 

485 

485 
440 
485 
510 
485 

485 
485 
440 
415 
485 

535 

585 
585 

• 


2,420 
2,240 
2,240 
2,330 
2,420 

2,060 
1,970 
1,440 
1,360 
1,790 

1,970 
1,790 
1,520 
1.190 
900 

830 

830 

1,040 

1,700 

1,700 

1,790 
1.880 
1.790 
1,610 
1,360 

1,190 
1,190 
1,970 
2,150 
2,330 
2,150 


2,150 
2,150 
2,150 
1,880 
1,790 

1,970 
2,330 
2,420 
2.330 
2.420 

2,330 
3,050 
2,870 
2,780 
2,870 

2,780 
2,690 
2,690 
2.510 
2,420 

2,2i0 
2,150 
1.880 
1.520 
1.270 

1.190 

1,040 

970 

970 

1,040 


970 

900 

1,110 

1.110 

1,040 

1,190 
1.110 
1,040 
1,040 
900 

765 
765 
830 
830 
735 

645 

675 

1,270 

1,520 

1.440 

1,360 
970 
2,060 
2,150 
2,150 

2,150 
1,970 
1,700 
1,270 
970 
765 


585 
530 
475 
425 
375 

375 
425 
425 
425 
475 

500 
530 
400 
375 
350 

270 
425 
530 
615 

585 

475 
425 
270 
400 
400 

375 
350 
765 
735 
585 


475 

425 
375 
352 
290 

224 
250 
375 
375 
330 

352 
425 
425 
. 330 
375 

375 
330 
330 
330 
310 

270 
290 
425 
530 
475 

450 
450 
3^2 
375 
425 
375 


352 

375 
352 
290 
270 

330 
400 
375 
425 
425 

330 
290 
330 
352 
352 

375 
330 
290 
330 
425 

425 
475 
475 
425 
425 

400 
450 
530 
500 
475 
475 


375 


2 


400 


3 


425 


4 


475 


5 


475 


6 


530 


7 


475 


8 


352 


9 


675 


10 


1,110 


11 


970 


12 


352 


13 


2,510 


14 


2,330 


15 


2,150 


16 


1,970 


17 


1,610 


18 


1,110 


19 


830 


20 


645 


21 


585 


22 


550 


23 


550 


24 


645 


25 


735 


26 


735 


27 


705 


28 


615 


29 


500 


30 


500 


31 




1919-20 
1 




2 




3 




4 




5 




6 , 




7 




8 




9 




10 




11 




12 




13 




14 




15 




16 




17 




18 




19 




20 




21 




22 




23 




24 




25 




26 




27 




28 




29 




30 




31 









16 



Monthly discharge of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt., for the years ending 
September 30, 1919 and 1920. 

(Drainage area, 615 square miles.) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

October '. . . 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


2,690 

2,510 

1,970 

1,790 

930 

2,420 

3,050 

2,150 

765 

530 

530 

2,510 


500 
585 
635 
690 
415 
830 
970 
645 
270 
224 
290 
352 


897 

1,220 

1,090 

1,210 

574 

1,710 

2,100 

1,210 

462 

370 

389 

863 


1.46 
1.98 
1.77 
1.97 

.933 
2.78 
3.41 
1.97 
.751 
.602 
.633 
1.40 


1.68 
2.21 
2.04 
2.27 
.97 
3.20 


April 


3.81 


May 


2.27 


June 


.84 


July 


.69 


August 


.73 


September 


1.56 


The year 

1919-20 

October 

November 

December 

January 


3,050 

1,440 

2,330 

2,150 

370 


224 

450 

900 

380 

. 220 


1,010 

795 
1,510 
1,060 

273 


1.64 

1.29 
2.46 
1.72 
.444 


22.27 

1.49 

2.74 

1.98 

.51 



17 

WiNOOSKi River at Montpelier, Vt. 

Locatioyi. — One mile downstream from the Central Vermont 
Railway station in Montpelier, Washington Connty, about three- 
eights mile above mouth of Dog River, and I14 miles below 
mouth of Worcester Branch. 

Drainage area. — 420 square miles. 

Records availahle.—Msiy 19, 1909, to September 30, 1920. 

Gage. — Gurley seven-day water-stage recorder on right 
bank, installed July 4, 1914; gage heights referred to datum by 
means of a hook gjage inside the well; an outside staff gage is 
used for auxiliary readings. Recorder inspected by L. D. 
Smith. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a cable or by wading. 

CMnnel and control. — Chjannel deep and fairly uniform in 
section at the gage; control is formed by sharply defined rock 
outcrop about 500 feet below gage. 

Extremes of discJiarge. — 1909-1920 : Maximum stage deter- 
mined by levelling from flood marks preserved on building near 
present gage, 17.31 feet, April 7, 1912 (discharge not deter- 
mined) ; minimum stage fro]in ^vater-stage recorder 1914-1918. 
2.77 feet, August 13, 1914, and October 24, 1915 (discharge, 19 
second-feet). 

Ice. — Stage-discharge relation affected by ice during* the 
winter months. Discharge ascertained by means of gage heights, 
current -meter measurements, observer's notes, and climatic 
records. 

Regulation. — Operation of power plants on main stream 
and tributaries above station cause diurnal fluctuations in stage. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation practically permanent 
except when affected by ice. Rating curve well defined between 
between 30 and 5,000 second-feet. Operation of water-stage 
recorder satisfactory throughout the year. Daily discharge de- 
termined by application of rating table to mean daily gage 
heights, with corrections for effect of ice during winter months. 



18 



Discharge measurements of Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt., during 
the two-year period ending September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 




Discharge 



1919! 

Jan. 23 H. W. Fear 

Mar. 1 M. R. Stackpole. 
June 25 R. H. Suttie.... 



Nov. 21 

1920 
Jan. 15 



H.S.Price, 
H.S.Price, 



Sec.-ft. 
420 
397 
179 
452 

276 



(a) Stage-discharge relation affected by ice. 



li) 



Daily discharge in second-feet of Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt., for the years 
ending Sept. 30, 1919 and 1920 



Day 



Oct. 



Nov. Dec 



Jan. 



Feb. 



Mar. Apr, 



May June July Aug. Sept. 



1918-19 



10. 

11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 

16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 

21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 



7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 

16. 
17. 

18. 
19. 
20. 



21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 

26. 
27. 
28. 



1919-20 



520 

420 

870 

720 

1,260 

6,600 
3,600 
1,600 
1,160 
950 

860 
720 
660 
760 
600 

550 
510 
1,240 
950 
730 

1,360 
970 
730 
640 
580 



1,000 
800 
730 

1, 

6,000 

108 

126 

1,680 

937 

818 

1,440 

1,380 

650 

40 

644 

1,110 
825 
566 
410 
360 

460 
660 
420 
400 
385 

330 
776 
572 
415 
385 

365 
500 
506 
500 
385 



2,180 
1,540 
1,220 
1,140 
1,220 

1,060 
970 
890 
560 
970 



720 
650 
640 
640 
620 

530 
490 
560 
550 
550 



940 500 
780 460 
440 
620 

1 



670 

640 

610 

1,240 

3,900 

1,680 

1,240 

1,080 

900 

830 

740 

600 
600 
630 
970 
940 



1,460 
909 
626 
500 
671 

755 
727 
734 
664 
602 

650 
1,000 
2,580 
1,460 

979 

706 
685 
678 
671 
584 

518 
566 
874 
769 
590 

554 
554 
488 
470 
1.410 



1,280 
790 
660 
640 
610 

490 

510 

1,680 

1,340 

1,380 

1,240 
860 
690 
550 
465 
430 

1,040 
664 
470 
506 

548 

494 
435 
488 
590 
1,180 

902 
727 
699 
1,340 
965 

692 

572 
520 
480 
380 

400 
400 
380 
370 
360 

390 
360 
340 
380 
360 
360 



630 
900 
830 
740 
630 

540 
510 
510 
500 
480 

470 
470 
470 
470 
440 

420 
420 
400 
370 
370 

340 
340 
340 
860 
930 

750 
590 
500 
380 
320 
320 

300 
320 
310 
310 
290 

290 
280 
270 
300 
310 

280 
260 
250 
240 
220 

220 
230 
220 
220 
220 

220 
220 
220 
230 
220 

220 
220 
230 
230 
230 
220 



300 

280 
390 
320 



280 
270 
220 
220 
280 

260 
230 
210 
210 
220 

210 
220 
240 
240 
220 

220 
210 
180 
220 
220 

230 
260 
240 



660 
1,700 
1,340 
1,000 
1,550 

1,720 

1, 
860 
770 

1,340 

1,040 
780 
710 
700 
640 

560 

465 

800 

1,200 

1,540 

2,550 
2,350 
1,440 
1,440 
1,420 

1,440 
1,760 
8,000 
3,400 
2,300 
1,780 



1,460 
1,260 
1,140 
1,140 
1,500 



900 
1,140 
1,080 

980 
1,260 



2,400 1,140 
3,350 880 



3,000 
2,150 
1,840 

1,980 
5,900 
2,600 
2,100 
1,720 

1,500 
1,820 
1,760 
1,480 
1,380 

1,300 
1,140 
1,040 
1,000 
1,180 

1,040 

920 

870 

1,040 

1,060 



230 210 
240 210 



220 
230 
210 

230 
230 
210 
200 
230 

230 
220 
220 
190 
200 

240 
240 
240 
240 
230 

240 
200 
210 
220 
210 

200 
200 
200 
195 



210 
190 
200 

300 
330 
380 
360 
220 

32 

370 

1,650 

1,250 

1,000 



2,060 
2,670 
3,120 
2.430 
2,850 

3,290 
1,790 
1,440 
1,200 



1,160 1,050 



1,200 
1,150 
4,500 
5.020 
2,330 



800 3,910 

1,200 2,990 

1,300 2,420 

840 2,130 

720 2,220 

560 2,410 

" 4,810 

4,070 

4,630 

2,660 

1,920 
2,700 
3,540 
3,460 
2,650 



460 

540 

1,350 

2,600 

7,890 
7,640 
5,090 
3,430 
3,030 
2,370 



910 
720 
640 

620 
670 
600 
520 
450 

400 

650 

1,700 

1,020 

740 

620 
2,250 
4,000 
1,900 

1,: 

1,180 
1,000 
830 
690 
610 
530 

1,970 
1,700 
1,540 
1,460 
1,250 

1,130 
1,080 
1,030 
1,240 



902 
790 
706 
671 
755 

632 
596 
542 
494 
476 

506 

1,100 

839 

638 

584 

482 
405 
355 
292 
284 
268 



450 
420 
390 
350 
320 

290 
340 
330 
365 
540 

370 
305 
230 
225 
260 

315 
540 
315 
250 
295 

290 
220 
230 
200 
180 

180 
300 
425 
240 
230 



272 
244 
268 
228 
204 

272 
365 
300 
234 
210 

175 
170 
126 
180 
148 

225 
213 
204 
272 
225 

231 
276 
210 
195 
165 

143 
84 
153 
145 
506 



190 
180 
172 
131 
154 

120 
174 
194 
160 
142 

150 
134 
80 
130 
150 

158 
172 
150 
118 



61 124 



106 
128 
150 
142 
130 

120 
178 
96 
112 
126 
114 

494 
276 
312 
560 

482 

304 
225 
405 
300 
222 

178 
204 
189 
244 
455 

276 
186 
145 
320 
518 

280 
276 
280 
240 
186 

198 
180 
168 
160 
400 
320 



110 
116 
93 
108 
110 

132 

188 

170 

122 

67 



118 
188 
142 
124 
150 

92 

62 

132 

580 

340 



120 240 

930 

1,730 

560 

345 



114 
94 
90 
94 

100 

78 

126 

118 



102 
88 
06 
66 

130 

124 
140 
146 
130 
114 
54 

198 
204 
168 
155 
131 

120 
120 
49 
131 
120 

470 
530 
350 
560 
692 

930 
560 
300 
237 
201 

165 
160 
276 
210 
195 

143 
136 
117 
90 
160 
141 



275 
250 
210 
210 
190 

156 
190 
230 
235 
225 

260 
230 
136 
154 
112 



237 
264 
195 
145 
108 

115 
210 
536 
350 
268 

410 
320 
1,100 
900 
650 

435 
455 
445 
965 
560 

390 
325 
284 
260 
200 

180 
220 
280 
370 
600 



20 



Monthly discharge of Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt., for the years 
ending September 30, 1919 and 1920. 

(Drainage area, 420 square miles) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


6,000 

3,900 

1,680 

930 

390 

8,000 

3,350 

2,250 

450 

194 

188 

1,730 


420 

600 

430 

320 

180 

465 

870 

400 

180 

61 

54 

62 


1,320 

1,070 

751 

524 

246 

1,560 

1,740 

1,030 

313 

139 

112 

293 


3.14 
2.55 
1.79 
1.25 

.586 
3.71 
4.14 
2.45 
.745 
.331 
.267 
.698 


3.62 

2.84 

2.06 

1.44 

.61 

4 28 


April. . .... 


4 62 


May 


2 82 


June . 


83 


July 


38 


August 


31 


September 


.78 

1 


The year... 

1919-20 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


8,000 

1,680 
2,580 
1,340 
320 
240 
7,890 


54 

108 
470 
340 
220 
190 
190 


761 

625 
815 
574 
252 
219 
1,520 
2,760 
831 
221 
290 
259 
391 


1.81 

1.49 
1.94 
1.37 
.600 
.521 
3.62 
6.57 
1.98 
.526 
.690 
.617 
.931 


24.59 

1.72 
2.16 
1.58 
.69 
.56 
4.17 


April. . .* 

May : . . 


5,020i 1,150 

1,9701 268 

506 84 

560 145 

930 49 

1,100| 108 


7.33 

2.28 


June 


.59 


July 


.80 


August 


.71 


September 


1.04 


The year. . . 


7,890 


49 


729 


1.74 


23.63 

1 



21 

Dog River at Northfield, Vt. 

Location. — At highway bridge near Norwich University 
campus in Northfield, Washington County. Union Brook joins 
Dog River at a short distance below station. 

Drainage area. — 47 square miles. 

Records available.— May 14, 1909, to September 30, 1920. 
Records from May 14, 1909, to August 22, 1910, obtained at 
lower highway bridge; those from August 23., 1910, to date, at 
present location. 

Gage. — Inclined staff on left bank read by Florence C. 
Doyle. 

Di&cJiarge measurements. — Made from highway bridge or by 
wading. 

Channel and control. — Channel composed of gravel and al- 
luvial deposits; subject to slight shifts. Banks overflow at high 



Extremes of discJiarge. — 1910-1920: Maximum stage re- 
corded at present site, 8.5 feet, Mlareh 25, 1913 (discharge 3,400 
second-feet) ; minimum stage recorded, 0.60 foot, September 10 
and 11, 1913 (discharge, 3,0 second-feet). At the lower gage, 
1909-10, flow was practically zero at various times when water 
was held back by dam. 

Ice. — River usually freezes over, and the stage-discharge 
relation is slightly affected by ice during some winters; proba- 
bly not affected by ice during winter of 1918-19 or 1919-20. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation changed slightly dur- 
ing the year and two rating curves were used. Rating curves 
well cleflned below 600 second-feet. Gage read to quarter- 
tenths daily except during winter, when it was read once daily. 
Daily discharge ascertained by applying rating table to mean 
daily gage heights. Results good for discharge below 600 sec- 
ond-feet; results somewhat uncertain for high stages as banks 
overflow at a discharge of about 2,000 second-feet. 



S2 



Discharge measurements of Dog River at Northfield, Vt., during the 
two-year period ending September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 



Discharge 



1919 
Jan. 23 
Mar. 1 
June 25 

1920 
Jan. 16 
Aug 
Aug 



H. W. Fear 

M. R. Stackpole. 
R. H. Suttie.... 



20 J 



20 J 



H. S. Price. . 
L. Lamson. 
L. Lamson. 



Feet 
1.60 
2.46 
1.41 

1.47 
1.57 
1.67 



Sec.-ft. 
53 
150 
20.8 

25.8 
12.3 
25.5 



23 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Dog River at Northfield, Vt., for the years ending 
Sept. 30. 1919 and 1920 



DAY 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


1918-19 
1 


70 
62 

108 
79 

130 

527 
266 
164 
135 
108 

104 
92 
90 

85 
75 

69 
63 
138 
90 
86 

148 

119 

90 

79 

78 

90 

85 

75 

75 

130 

471 

17 

18 

186 

109 

'77 

80 
66 
52 
52 
39 

49 
42 
39 
35 
35 

42 
83 
56 
55 
55 

56 
91 
91 
56 

48 

54 

63 
88 
83 
56 
78 


257 
192 
169 
181 
155 

132 
121 
121 
106 
107 

104 
94 

86 
80 
79 

73 

69 

119 

700 

268 

205 
172 
153 
138 
124 

125 
122 
104 
181 
125 

84 
75 
67 
65 

88 

71 
92 

85 

77 
78 

84 
153 
363 
172 
141 

119 
116 
106 

ioo 

77 

75 
85 
132 
94 
91 

88 
91 
75 
77 
260 


107 
116 

107 
96 

86 

90 
86 
86 
80 
74 

74 
68 
63 
80 
249 

141 
93 

104 
74 
80 

78 

80 

270 

245 

194 

158 
125 
107 
110 
114 
119 

157 

125 

109 

84 

65 

67 

84 

83 

106 

178 

114 

85 
180 
228 
129 

91 

77 
71 
65 
65 

63 
59 
65 
59 
59 

49 

40 
40 
44 
44 
40 


125 
155 
130 
110 
107 

104 

100 

93 

96 

100 

96 
93 

100 
96 
90 

90 
93 
80 
68 
66 

58 
47 
49 
58 
86 

80 

It 

56 
49 
54 

38 
40 
40 
40 
35 

34 
32 
32 
34 
34 

35 
30 
30 
30 
27 

27 
30 

27 
30 
27 

24 
22 
20 
20 
22 

20 
26 
24 
2.4 
22 
22 


56 
51 
56 
51 
49 

42 
38 
45 
51 
58 

49 
45 
40 
38 
32 

36 
40 
36 
36 
32 

30 
24 

28 


157 

130 
109 
130 

228 

217 
196 
161 
143 
161 

136 
119 
109 
153 
139 

67 

20 

91 

106 

242 

417 
310 
217 


256 
21£ 
184 
194 
404 

417 

513 
43C 
35.C 
297 

377 
404 
363 
310 
260 

242 
310 

284 
234 
207 

215 

178 
161 
157 
148 

141 
120 
114 
125 
122 

284 
336 
272 
256 
363 

3.36 
249 
256 
242 
207 

192 
180 
1,310 
404 
390 

1,540 
830 
350 
3-36 
363 

431 
640 
541 
485 
417 

260 

284 
284 
284 
272 


104 
172 
122 
129 
148 

125 
124 
108 
97 
90 

106 
103 

85 
76 
71 

65 
109 
230 
137 
109 

114 
541 
444 
377 
272 

225 
200 
161 
132 
106 
91 

260 
260 
238 
228 
176 

176 
152 
140 
160 
140 

128 
116 
114 
132 
107 

98 
92 
80 
73 
76 

107 
150 
116 
98 
95 

82 
73 
65 
59 
53 
47 


9C 

88 

76 

65 

221 

61 
64 

56 
84 
77 

56 
48 
48 
49 
48 

42 
37 
35 
29 
34 

34 
26 
24 
26 
21 

20 
65 
40 
34 
26 

41 
40 
41 
30 
43 

64 
56 
47 
41 
30 

28 
27 
23 
17 
30 

82 
70 
59 
77 
48 

61 
56 
41 
35 
43 

28 
23 
23 
41 

28 


21 
19 

18 
16 
15 

21 
24 
19 
15 
15 

16 
14 
14 
14 
17 

16 
15 
14 
13 
11 

14 
20 
19 
15 
14 

13 
12 
13 
12 
12 
10 

35 
25 
79 
64 
56 

43 
25 
51 
41 
30 

20 
17 
41 
34 
53 

27 
18 
14 
60 
53 

34 
30 
23 
23 
20 

14 
10 
10 

8 

if 


14 
S 

s 

7 
7 

IS 
IS 
IS 
X4 
11 

8 
7 
8 
9 
13 

14 

9 

9 

13 

14 

12 
10 
9 
12 
15 

18 
15 
13 
12 
11 
14 

25 
23 

It 

14 

10 
7 
6 
4 

11 

90 
34 
27 
16 
38 

28 
23 
17 
14 
12 

8 
11 
18 
12 

8 

9 
14 
14 
14 
13 
14 


14 


2 


15 


3 


15 


4 


14 


5 


11 


6 


10 


7 


10 


8 


9 


9 


39 


10 


23 


11 


21 


12 


53 


13 


196 


14 


40 


15 


33 


16 


27 


•17 


23 


18 


19 


19 


16 


20 


18 


21 


19 


22. 


21 


23 


23 


24 


28| 249 
24 242 

24 238 


21 


25 


33 


26 


29 


27 


26 
32 

20 
19 
24 
22 
20 

20 
24 
24 
26 
24 

22 
20 
22 
22 
26 

27 
24 
20 
22 
24 

24 
26 
26 
27 
24 

20 
19 
20 
17 


390 
2,360 
805 
527 
323 

19 
20 
20 
19 
24 

44 
40 
32 
35 
40 

42 

88 

1,630 

740 

880 

260 
990 
527 
390 
310 

228 
196 
238 
260 
272 

640 
1,050 
880 
585 
499 
349 


26 


28 


23 


29 


19 


30 


18 


31 




1919-20 
1 


35 


2 


14 


3 


8 


4 


8 


5 


9 


6 


14 


7 


35 


8 


14 


9 


12 


10 


16 


11 


36 


12 


53 


13 


116 


14 


64 


15 


34 


16 


30 


17 ..... 


27 


18 


20 


19 


47 


20 


28 


21 


23 


22 


20 


23 


27 


24 


18 


25 


13 


26 


16 


27 


13 


28 


14 


29 


14 


30 


79 


31 





24 



Monthly discharge of Dog River at Northfield, Vt., for the years ending 
September 30, 1919 and 1920. 

(Drainage area, 47 square miles.) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


1 
Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


527 
700 
270 
155 

58 

2,360 

513 

541 

221 

24 

18 

196 


62 
69 
63 

47 

24 

20 

114 

65 

20 

10 

7 

9 


128 
155 
115 

86.1 
39.2 

287 

258 

160 
54.1 
15.5 
11.7 
27.9 


2.72 
3.30 
2.45 
1.83 

.834 
6.11 
5.49 
3.40 
1.15 
.330 
.249 
.594 


3.14 
3.68 
2.82 
2.11 

.87 
7 04 


April 


6 12 


May 


3 92 


June 

July 


1.28 
.38 


August 


.29 


September 


.66 


The year. . . 

1919-20 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


2,360 

186 

363 

228 

40 

27 

1,630 

1,540 

260 

82 

79 

90 

116 


7 

17 

65 

40 

20 

17 

19 

180 

47 

17 

8 

4 

8 


112 

62.9 

109 
87.9 
29.0 
22.6 

366 

420 

126 
42.4 
32.8 
18.2 
28.6 


2.38 

1.34 
2.32 
1.87 
.617 
.481 
7.79 
8.94 
2.68 
.902 
.698 
.387 
.609 


32.31 

1.54 
2.59 
2.16 
.71 
.52 
8.98 


April 


9.97 


May 


3.09 


June 


1.01 


July 


.80 


August 


.45 


September 


.68 


The year... 


1,630 


4 


112 


2.38 


32.50 



25 

Lamoille River at C^^dys Falls, Vt. 

Location. — ^About one-fourth mile below plant of Morris- 
ville Electric Light and Power Co., at what was formerly known 
as Cadys Fialls, 2 miles downstream from village of Morrisville, 
Lamoille County. 

Drainage area. — ^280 square miles. 

Records availatle. — September 4, 1913, to September 30, 
1920. 

Gages. — Friez water-stage recorder in gage house on right 
bank one-fourth mile below highway bridge at Cadys Falls. Gage 
heights are referred to gage datum by means of a hook gage 
inside well; an outside staff gage is used for auxiliary readings.' 
Recorder inspected by N. E. Clobleigh. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a cable or by wading. 

Channel and control. — Channel smooth gravel ; well defined 
gravel control 500 feet downstream from gage. 

Extremes of discharge. — 1913-1920. Maximum stage record- 
ed, 10.77 feet, April 12, 1919 (discharge from extension of rat- 
ing curve 7,530 second-feet) ; minimum stage recorded, 1.39 feet, 
August 6, 1919 (discharge from extension of rating curve, 5 
second-feet) (water held back by dam). 

Ice. — River freezes over during extremely cold weather; 
stage- discharge relation slightly affected by ice. Discharge de- 
termined from gage heights! with corrections for backwater 
based oni current-meter meiasurements, observer's notes, and 
climatic records. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation practically permanent, 
except wken affected by ice. Rating curve well defined. Oper- 
ation of water-stage recorder satisfactory throughout year ex- 
cept for cloek stopping frequently during January, February 
and March. Daily discharge ascertained by discharge integrator. 
Results good. 



26 



Discharge measurements of Lamoille River at Cadys Falls, Vt., during the 
two-year period ending September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 



Discharge 



1919 
Jan. 5 

5 



20 H 



R. H. Suttie 

R. H. Suttie 

W. Fear 

M. R. Stackpole. 



Feb. 24 

1920 
Feb. 20H. S.Price 



Feet 
2.93 
2.91 
2.64 

2.47 



(a) 2.75 



Sec.-ft. 
359 
344 
277 
219 

210 



(a) Stage-discharge relation affected by ice. 



27 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Lamoille River at Cadys Falls, Vt., for the years 
ending Sept. 30, 1919 and 1920. 



DAY 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


1918-19 
1. 


435 
370 
360 
370 
560 

4,000 

3,250 

1,060 

485 

640 

630 
305 
355 
490 
430 

400 
365 
620 
680 
560 

1,100 
600 
450 
450 
470 

500 
600 
460 
440 
1,420 
4,900 

150 
154 
430 
340 
250 

1,140 

1,140 

500 

335 

610 

2,300 

1,100 

610 

465 

370 

'370 
540 
450 
320 
300 

310 
900 
620 
400 
360 

335 
460 
490 
500 
390 
1 520 


1,840 

1,060 

790 

700 

700 

650 
550 
550 
600 
700 

910 
190 
170 
435 
430 

400 

400 

740 

1,500 

1,080 

790 
690 
610 
700 
550 

370 
350 
365 
650 
950 

1,980 

1,000 

700 

560 

580 

630 
600 
580 
540 
490 

540 

800 

2,400 

1,360 

850 

590 
570 
550 
540 
480 

400 
455 
930 
760 
570 

510 
510 
340 
360 
910 


365 
325 
385 
435 
410 

330 
325 
315 
375 
320 

270 
300 
325 

485 
1,500 

1,050 
660 
480 
390 
350 

-3^0 

395 

1,600 

1,180 

840 

770 
570 
500 
440 
420 
335 

790 
520 
390 
320 
370 

300 
295 
340 
340 
720 

570 
500 
530 
930 
620 

475 
345 
270 
255 
210 

170 
235 
220 
200 
132 

182 
182 
100 
224 
205 
211 


440 
670 
640 
520 
440 

400 
400 
370 
340 
280 

260 
260 
260 
260 
240 

260 
255 
290 
300 
295 

280 
280 
290 
530 
720 

500 
460 
400 
400 
400 
350 

196 
196 
185 
112 
205 

245 
216 
216 
162 
140 

U2 

172 
205 
205 
200 

200 
195 
126 
195 
220 

205 
172 
172 
195 

85 

165 
140 
126 
126 
140 
126 


300 
350 
184 
155 
150 

150 
140 
300 
250 
240 

190 
190 
220 
190 
190 

210 
230 
190 
190 
200 

210 
220 
240 
250 

275 

260 
240 
275 

72 
132 
172 
165 
155 

172 
112 
52 
172 
172 

165 
155 
140 
112 
52 

126 
135 
140 
140 
135 

112 

85 
140 

185 
225 

230 
235 
205 
112 


240 
600 
550 
500 
700 

700 
500 
480 
430 
680 

600 
480 
520 
550 
480 

355 
340 
410 

580 
830 

1,760 

1,840 

1,040 

920 

950 

1,040 
1,460 
3,550 
2,050 
1,460 
1,100 

245 
240 
250 
240 
210 

270 
310 
290 
270 
235 

310 

340 

1,000 

1,050 

930 

770 
1,200 
1,140 
1,120 

830 

530 

485 

620 

1,260 

1,880 

3,900 
550 
3,000 
2,250 
1,960 
1 520 


880 
720 
690 
640 
740 

1,340 
2,700 
2,450 
1,900 
1,420 

1,940 
5,600 
2,250 
1,700 
1,340 

1,200 
1,600 
1,480 
1,220 
1,000 

1,140 
730 
770 
720 
880 

700 
650 
690 
770 
840 

1,240 
1,660 
2,150 
1,800 
1,900 

2,500 

1,300 

980 

770 

700 

750 

770 

3,000 

3,500 

1,760 

2,850 
2,150 
1,880 
1,580 
1,860 

1,860 
2,800 
2,650 
3,500 
2,150 

1,350 
1,200 
2,150 
2,350 
1,980 


650 
790 
760 
670 
1,060 

920 
660 
700 
560 
450 

415 
435 
390 
345 
315 

290 
355 
1,060 
740 
500 

400 

910 

1.880 

1,480 

1,000 

1,080 
770 
440 
435 
465 
380 

1,400 

1,170 

1,060 

990 

820 

740 
730 
730 
840 
830 

630 
560 
540 
480 
370 

300 
300 
300 
295 
270 

255 
740 
630 
520 
450 

375 
320 
210 
194 
184 
190 


235 
235 
230 
154 
150 

220 
330 
290 
260 
345 

270 
215 
185 
168 
198 

580 
880 
445 
275 
360 

300 
200 
180 
166 
154 

150 
235 
300 
215 
176 

184 
174 
170 
174 
166 

60 
104 
142 
172 
176 

154 
136 
60 
132 
150 

150 
156 
130 
156 
73 

154 
160 
174 
170 
162 

150 
70 
134 
152 
150 


146 
154 
138 
100 
128 

118 
152 
138 
126 
122 

130 
114 
63 
124 
120 

134 
124 

124 
124 

85 

126 
130 
104 
150 
130 

172 
54 
110 
106 
104 
108 

152 
150 
142 
60 
154 

154 
138 
280 
205 
158 

96 
140 
132 
132 
132 

130 
140 
66 
142 
330 

278 
205 
168 
150 
140 

148 
136 
124 
110 
140 
162 


96 
91 
40 
52 


148 


2 


136 


3...-^ 


124 


4. 


19fi 


5 


65i 118 


6 


69 110 


7 


80 
69 
90 
52 

110 
100 

98 
110 

98 

84 
40 
104 
104 
104 

106 
112 
100 
51 
106 

120 
82 
94 
110 
120 
112 

124 
120 
108 
90 
100 

88 
93 
33 
86 
100 

182 
180 
156 
580 
760 

340 
265 
230 
210 
220 

188 
92 
275 
225 
154 

160 
186 
190 
85 
150 
150 


75 


8 


136 


9 


160 


10 


170 


11 


152 


12 


460 


13 


790 


14 


350 


15 


220 


16 


184 


17. 


162 


18 


154 


19. . . 


146 


20 


130 


21. 


112 


22 


170 


23 


285 


24 


190 


25 


188 


26 


235 


27 


190 


28. 


•'142 


29 


156 


30 


160 


31 




1919-20 
1 


180 


2 . 


230 


3 


210 


4 


175 


5 


95 


6 


120 


7 


162 


8 


260 


9. 


215 


10 


190 


11 


172 


12. . 


112 


13 


330 


14 


570 


15 .... 


450 


16 


380 


17. 


440 


18 


450 


19. 


700 


20 


440 


21 


350 


22 


265 


23. . . 


275 


24 


220 


25 


195 


26 


120 


27 


200 


28 


196 


29 


265 


30 :: 


560 


31 





28 



Monthly discharge of Lamoille River at Cadys Falls, Vt., for the years 
ending September 30, 1919 and 1920. 

(Drainage area, 280 square miles) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


4,900 

1,840 

1,600 

670 

350 

3,550 

5,600 

1,880 

880 

154 

120 

460 


305 

170 

270 

240 

140 

240 

640 

290 

150 

54 

40 

75 


895 
681 
541 
380 
221 
893 
1,360 
687 
270 
121 
89.3 
196 


3.20 
2.43 
1.93 
1.36 
.789 
3.19 
4.86 
2.45 
.964 
.432 
.319 
.700 


3.69 
2.71 
2.22 
1.57 

.82 
3.68 


April. 


5 42 


May 


2.82 


June 


1.08 


July 


.50 


August 


.37 


September 


.78 


*The year . . . 

1919-20 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


5,600 

2,300 

2,400 

930 

245 

235 

3,900 

3,500 

1,400 

184 

330 

760 

700 


40 

150 

340 

100 

85 

52 

210 

700 

184 

60 

60 

33 

95 


5,290 

586 
736 
360 
173 
145 
942 
1,900 
562 
143 
155 
191 
284 


1.89 

2.09 
2.63 
1.28 
.618 
.518 
3.36 
6.79 
2.00 
.511 
.554 
.682 
1.01 


25:66 

2.41 
2.93 
1.48 
.71 
.56 
3.87 


April 


7.58 


May 


2.30 


June 


.57 


July 


.64 


August 


.79 


September 


1.13 


The year... 


3,900 


33 


514 


1.84 24.97 



29 

Green River at Garfield, Vt. 

Location. — ^At site of old dam above highway bridge at Gar- 
field village, town of Hyde Park, Lamoille Oonnty. Green River 
is tributary to Lamoille River about 4 miles east of Morrisville. 

Drainage area. — 20 square miles (approximate). 

Records available. — January 3, 1915, to September 30, 1920. 

Gage. — Inclined staff on left bank in pool back of weir; 
read by P. M. Trescott, 

DiscJiarge measurements. — Standard sharp-crested weir of 
compound section ; length of crest at gage height 0.00 is 9.0 feet ; 
at gage height 0.83 foot, length of crest is increased 11.17 feet. 
Current-meter measurements made at foot-bridge about one-half 
mile downstream from weir, and at old bridge about one-half 
mile above weir. 

Channel and control. — ^A pool of considerlable size is formed 
in the old mill pond back of the weir; at ordinary stages the 
velocity of approach to the weir is very small. Some water 
leaks around the weir in the old tail-race on left bank. 

Extremes of discharge. — 1915-1920: Maximum stage (de- 
termined from high water marks). 4.63 feet on April 12, 1919 
(approximate discharge from extension of rating curve, 710 sec- 
ond-feet) ; minimum stage recorded, 0.20 foot August 8 and 9, 
1919 (discharge 2.7 second-feet). 

Ice. — Weir and weir crest kept clear of ice during winter; 
stage-discharge relation not affected by ice. 

Regulation. — An old timber dam about 2 miles • upstream 
affects flow to some extent. The dam leaks by an amiount some- 
what greater than the low-Avater flow. During prolonged low 
stages the surface of wtater in pond (103 acres) falls below 
crest of dam; subsequent increased flow into pond is retained 
until water again flows over crest, when the increased flow is 
apparent at gaging station. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation practidally permanent. 
Rating curve based on weir formula, Q = 3.33 LH^/s with cor- 
rections determined from current-mieter measurements, and with 
logarithmic extension above gage height 1.90 feet. Gage read 
twice daily to hundredths. Daily discharge ascertained by ap- 
plying rating table to mean daily gage heights. Results are 
fifood below 130 second-feet; at the higher stages the weir is 
flooded and results are somewhat uncertain. 



30 

Discharge measurements of Green River at Garfield, Vt., during the 
two-year period ending September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 




Discharge 



1919 

June 21 (a) R. H. Suttie. 

21, (b) R. H. Suttie. 

1920 I 

Aug. 16[(a) J. L. Lamson 

16|(b) J. L. Lamson 



Sec.-ft. 
23.7 
23.6 

20.7 
18.6 



(a) Made at old bridge about one-half mile above gage. 

(b) Made at section just above Taylor Brook, about one-half mile below 



31 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Green River at Garfield, Vt., for the years «nding 
Sept. 30, 1919 and 1920 



DAY 



Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


40 


170 


39 


23 


14 


14 


61 


56 


24 


14 


6.6 


82 


90 


33 


30 


14 


13 


50 


64 


21 


13 


6.3 


29 


66 


28 


30 


14 


12 


39 


61 


19 


12 


6.0 


28 


51 


26 


28 


14 


12 


36 


55 


18 


12 


6.0 


37 


47 


25 


27 


13 


15 


38 


69 


16 


11 


5.7 


110 


43 


22 


24 


13 


14 


50 


69 


16 


12 


9.3 


253 


38 


22 


22 


12 


14 


102 


52 


46 


12 


7.1 


101 


37 


21 


21 


12 


13 


164 


46 


52 


11 


6.6 


54 


35 


20 


20 


12 


16 


145 


38 


36 


11 


6.(; 


44 


38 


18 


18 


12 


20 


130 


32 


35 


11 


5.7 


37 


53 


16 


16 


11 


18 


135 


30 


27 


10 


5.7 


32 


40 


17 


17 


11 


19 


610 


28 


24 


10 


5.5 


29 


34 


17 


16 


11 


23 


246 


26 


20 


10 


6.2 


28 


31 


21 


16 


10 


25 


169 


24 


19 


9.3 


5.2 


27 


28 


40 


15 


12 


22 


127 


21 


21 


10 


6.0 


25 


26 


54 


16 


12 


20 


104 


19 


35 


13 


5.5 


23 


25 


37 


16 


11 


18 


107 


29 


99 


9.3 


4 9 


34 


43 


29 


16 


10 


20 


126 


71 


61 


9.C 


4.9 


33 


89 


27 


16 


11 


21 


103 


56 


34 


8.7 


6,6 


34 


139 


25 


15 


11 


26 


93 


38 


38 


8.4 


5.5 


72 


70 


23 


15 


12 


44 


93 


31 


24 


8.7 


4.9 


70 


51 


25 


14 


11 


67 


77 


47 


19 


9.3 


5.2 


46 


44 


65 


14 


11 


74 


67 


148 


17 


8.4 


4 7 


36 


42 


127 


20 


11 


63 


60 


88 


16 


8.0 


6.3 


32 


34 


80 


14 


11 


62 


60 


104 


15 


7.7 


5.2 


37 


27 


54 


19 


10 


62 


52 


130 


14 


7.4 


4.9 


49 


24 


37 


19 


10 


81 


46 


76 


23 


7.7 


5 2 


43 


23 


36 


18 


n 


141 


50 


50 


16 


7.1 


9.3 


35 


31 


32 


16 




152 


59 


39 


14 


9.0 


9 3 


112 


43 


27 


16 




107 


71 


34 


14 


8.0 


9.0 


352 




24 


16 




86 




28 




6.9 


9.7 


14 


241 


43 


12 


7.7 


8.7 


103 


153 


11 


6.3 


9.0 


14 


106 


40 


12 


8.0 


8.4 


100 


118 


10 


6.3 


7,4 


25 


65 


36 


12 


7.7 


8.4 


128 


111 


9.3 


10 


6.6 


14 


48 


30 


11 


7.7 


8.7 


130 


100 


8.7 


18 


4.6 


19 


45 


25 


12 


7.4 


8.7 


128 


91 


8.4 


20 


3.8 


36 


40 


22 


11 


7.4 


9.7 


142 


81 


9.3 


16 


3.4 


39 


38 


23 


11 


7.4 


9.3 


118 


75 


14 


13 


2.9 


47 


36 


21 


11 


7.4 


9.0 


85 


71 


13 


24 


2.7 


34 


34 


26 


11 


7.1 


8.7 


63 


71 


12 


24 


2.7 


61 


32 


26 


11 


7.1 


9.0 


54 


60 


11 


15 


2.9 


204 


38 


32 


10 


7.1 


9.3 


54 


54 


8.7 


14 


8.0 


122 


42 


31 


11 


7.4 


10 


54 


50 


7.4 


11 


12 


75 


139 


31 


10 


7.4 


12 


116 


47 


6.3 


10 


18 


50 


143 


37 


10 


7.4 


12 


273 


37 


5.7 


9.3 


29 


39 


71 


43 


10 


8,0 


12 


141 


30 


6.0 


8.0 


26 


35 


49 


32 


9.7 


8.0 


12 


174 


26 


5.7 


6.3 


19 


37 


41 


22 


10 


8.0 


13 


172 


23 


5.2 


4.9 


14 


32 


39 


17 


9.7 


7.7 


14 


162 


20 


5.2 


4.2 


11 


29 


39 


17 


9.7 


8.0 


13 


148 


18 


5.7 


15 


8.0 


26 


34 


16 


9.7 


8.0 


13 


191 


16 


5.7 


21 


6.3 


24 


30 


16 


9.3 


8.0 


14 


174 


15 


6.6 


24 


5.2 


31 


30 


14 


9.3 


8.0 


16 


172 


50 


6.9 


19 


11 


47 


40 


16 


10 


8.7 


24 


199 


55 


6.9 


13 


11 


49 


46 


14 


9.3 


8.7 


29 


302 


50 


6.3 


11 


12 


37 


41 


13 


9.0 


8.7 


39 


164 


42 


4.9 


11 


11 


34 


36 


14 


9.0 


8.7 


57 


123 


33 


4.7 


10 


8.0 


34 


32 


16 


9.0 


8.0 


138 


102 


27 


4.2 


10 


6.3 


38 


30 


17 


8.7 


8.4 


191 


126 


23 


4.0 


9 


5.2 


40 


27 


14 


8.7 


8.7 


136 


150 


19 


4.9 


9 


4,2 


35 


39 


13 


8.4 




123 


162 


16 


4.9 


12 


3.8 


109 




12 


8.0 




116 




12 




10 


3.6 



Sept. 



1918-19 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

1919-20 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20. 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 



9.3 

8.7 
8.4 
8.0 
7.7 

7.7 
7.7 
7.7 
10 
8.7 



1.7 



5.7 
7.7 
6.9 
6.6 

4.7 

4.7 
6.3 
7.4 
5.7 
5.7 

6.3 
12 
23 
25 
21 

19 
21 
26 
28 
26 



21 
15 
12 
11 

8.7 

7.4 
6.9 

11 

11 

13 



32 



Monthly discharge of Green River at Garfield, Vt., for the years ending- 
September 30, 1919 and 1920. 

(Drainage area, 20 (approx.) square miles) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February. . . 

March 

April. 


352 
170 
127 

30 

14 
152 
610 
148 

99 

14 
9.7 

25 


23 

23 

16 

14 

10 

12 

36 

19 

14 
6.9 
4.7 
7.7 


61.7 
50.4 
34.4 
18.7 
11.7 
41.7 
109 
53.5 
27.8 
9.84 
6.25 
14.2 


3.09 
2.52 
1.72 
.935 
.585 
2.09 
5.45 
2.67 
1.39 
.492 
.313 
.710 


3.56 
2.81 
1.98 
1.08 
.61 
2.41 
6 08 


May.. . 


3.08 


June 


1.55 


July 


.57 


August . 


.36 


September 


.79 


The year. . . 

1919-20 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


610 

204 
241 

43 

12 

8.7 

191 

302 

153 

14 

24 

29 

28 


4.7 

14 

27 

12 
8.0 
7.1 
8.4 

54 

12 
4.0 
4.2 
2.7 
4.7 


36.7 

45.8 
55.7 
23.5 
10.1 

7.86 
35.2 
140 
51.4 

7.42 
12.7 

8.92 
12.8 


1.83 

2.29 
2.78 
1.18 
.505 
.393 
1.76 
7.00 
2.57 
.371 
.635 
.446 
.640 


24.88 

2.64 
3.10 
1.36 
.58 
.42 
2.03 


April 


7.81 


May 


2.96 


June 


.41 


July 


.73 


August 


.51 


September 


.71 


The year . . . 


302 


2.7 


34.2 


1.71 


23.26 



33 

MissiSQUoi River near Richford, Vt. 

Location. — About three miles downstream from Richford, 
Franklin County, 3 miles below mouth of North Branch, and 
2 miles above mouth of Trout River. 

Drainage area. — 445 square miles. 

Records available.— May 22, 1909, to December 3, 1910, and 
June 26, 1911, to September 30, 1920. 

Gage. — Gurley Avater-stage recorder on left bank, about one- 
fourth mile above highway bridge, inspected by P. Sloan until 
March 20, 1920, and by Harry Jenne after June 24 ; chain gage 
on highw<ay bridge used from June 26, 1911, to July 31, 1915. 
From May 22, 1909, to December 3, 1910, gage was just below 
plant of the Sweat-Comings Co. in Richford. 

DiscJiarge m,easurements. — Made from h^ighway bridge or 
by ^fading. 



■•&• 



Channel and control. — Channel deep, banks not subject to 
over-flow ; stream bed composed of gravel, boulders and ledge 
rock. Control is sharply defined by rock outcrop about 100 feet 
below gage. 

Extremes of discharge. — 1911-1920: Maximum stage record- 
ed, 17.64 feet on April 1, 1918 (stage-discharge relation affected 
by ice) ; minimum stage recorded, 4.15 feet by chain gage, 3vAj 
14, 1911 (discharge, 8 second-feet). 

Ice. — Stage-discharge relation usually affected by ice, from 
December to March; discharge determined from gage heights 
corrected for effect of ice by means of current-meter measure- 
ments, observer's notes, and weather records. 

Regulation. — Considerable daily fluctuation at low stages 
caused by operation of power plants at Richford. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation practically perma- 
nent except when affected by ice. Rating curve fairly well de- 
fined below 6,000 second-feet. Grage house wrecked by ice March 
21, 1920, and rebuilt June 23 ; operation of water-stage recorder 
satisfactory during remainder of the year 1920. Operation of 
recorder not entirely satisfactory prior to March 20, 1920, on 
account of carelessness of observer. Daily discharge ascertained 
by applying rating table to mean daily gage heights determined 
by inspection of recorder sheets, with correction for effect of 
ice during winter. Results good for open water periods, and 
fair for the winter. 



34 



Discharge measurements of Missisquoi River near Richford, Vt., during 
the two-year period ending September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 



Discharge 



1918 
Nov. 30 R 

1919 

Jan. 16 

17 

Feb. 26 

June 24 

1920 
Jan. 19 
Feb. 21 
June 24 



H. Suttie 

W. Fear 

W. Fear 

R. Stackpole 
H. Suttie 

S. Price 

S. Price 

R. Stackpole 



(a) 
(a) 
(a) 



Feet 
5.91 



67 
57 
27 
90 

34 
51 
95 



Sec.-ft. 
2,130 

469 
414 
302 
227 

219 
124 
239 



(a) Stage-discharge relation affected by ice. 



35 



Daily discharge, in second-feet of Missisquoi River near Richford, Vt. 
Sept. 30, 1919 and 1920 


for the years ending 


DAY Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 


1918-19 
1 


1,480 
1,170 
2,200 
1,560 
1,440 

7,870 
7,610 
4,820 
2,240 
1,400 

1,060 
890 
830 
860 
830 

710 

565 

1,200 

1,560 

1,130 

2,340 

1,920 

1,240 

960 

830 

1,720 
1,840 
1,360 
1,170 
5,280 
7,480 

335 

282 
1,760 
1,880 
1,170 

3,060 
2,240 
2,390 
1,560 
1.920 

2,240 
2,150 

1,280 
92C 
74C 

64£ 
86C 
89C 
704 
621 

63C 
2,10( 
1,84( 
1,17( 

89( 

1,06( 
1,14( 
1,17( 
1,03( 
1,20( 
5,04( 


6,720 
3,830 
1,880 
1,440 
1.360 

1,200 
960 
960 
925 

1,130 

1,400 
995 
800 
740 
710 

698 

740 

1,360 

2,840 

3,060 

2,340 
1,880 
1,560 
1,240 
1,170 

1,030 

890 

830 

1,480 

2,200 

7,740 
5,520 
2,840 
1,000 
1,640 

1,640 
1,520 
1,400 
1,320 
1,200 

1,640 
2,440 
4,710 
4,160 
2,440 

1,52C 
1,170 
1,17C 
1,17C 
) 1,18C 

1,25C 

1,65C 

) 2,02C 

) 1,72C 

) 1,28( 

) 1,03( 
3 92( 
) 83( 
3 80( 
) 1,80( 


1,480 
1,170 
1,680 
1,640 
1,240 

1,170 
1,100 
1,030 
1,030 
9,60 

925 

890 

890 

2,150 

4,160 

2,950 

1,760 

1,240 

960 

830 

770 

860 

3,170 

3,280 

2,060 

1,480 

1,100 

960 

890 

830 

1,680 

1,970 

1,140 

770 

960 

1,200 

1,950 
1,900 
1,700 
1,550 
2,800 

1,700 
1,500 
1,800 
2,300 
1,70C 

1,35C 
94C 
72C 
64C 
42( 

40( 
) 44( 
) 46( 
) 44{ 
) 40( 

) 38( 
) 36( 
) 35( 
) 34( 
) 33( 
30( 


1,920 
2,100 
2,100 
2,000 
1,800 

1,600 
1,440 
1,280 
1,140 
1,000 

900 
800 
700 
620 
550 

460 
400 
350 
320 
280 

250 

185 

265 

1,360 

l.,440 

1,100 
860 
650 
550 
500 
460 

280 
270 
260 
210 
230 

190 
230 
230 
250 
240 

220 
230 
230 
210 
210 

22C 
20C 
18t 
171 
17C 

.... 

) . .. . 

).... 
) 

).... 


400 
400 
400 
400 
375 

335 
320 
280 
280 
265 

265 
265 
250 
250 
280 

265 

280 
320 
300 
280 

280 
230 
250 
300 
250 

280 
280 
265 





9^ 

9^ 

8( 

12. 

7( 

10( 
9( 
10{ 

8i 


480 
860 
920 
860 
1,360 

1,320 

' 770 

830 

830 

1,240 

1,680 
1,400 
1,400 
1,030 
830 

710 

710 

2,540 

3,610 

5,520 

3,610 
3,720 
3,280 
2,390 
1,970 

1,970 
2,290 
3,940 
3,720 
2,490 
1,800 

92 
90 
88 
90 
145 

230 
300 
290 
300 
290 

260 

330 

2,600 

2,700 

1,950 

1,65C 
2,80C 
2,45C 
2,00C 
1,90C 

5 


1,360 
925 
1,130 
1,100 
],030 

2,010 
5,280 
4,600 
3,500 
2,440 

3,720 
8,000 
7,220 
4,820 
3,060 

2,340 
3,060 
3,390 
2,840 
2,200 

2,150 
1,970 
1,720 
1,440 
1,400 

1,240 
1,240 
1,240 
1,400 
1,720 


1,440 
1,640 
1,560 
1,400 
1.800 

1,720 
1,640 
1,480 
1,170 
860 

770 
710 
650 
595 
541 

500 

650 

1,560 

1,440 

960 

770 
1,060 
2,340 
1,400 
1,100 

1,240 
1,030 
740 
595 
505 
424 


375 
343 
303 
265 
237 

233 
247 
446 
355 
324 

282 
247 
215 
317 
662 

770 
2,240 
830 
460 
335 

282 
247 
224 
224 
206 

176 

247 
415 
300 
240 


200 
179 
160 
145 
140 

115 
135 

140 
140 
120 

122 
120 
120 
110 
120 

200 
221 
176 
127 
115 

120 
95 
95 
95 

86 

83 
77 
130 
122 
120 
115 

890 

460 

656 

1,520 

1,640 

1,030 

960 

1,800 

1,520 

890 

605 
446 
50£ 
45£ 
36a 

29S 

237 

22] 

2,15C 

3,17C 

1,56( 

96( 

69i 

) 53( 

) 39? 
) 34' 
) 30( 

) 26$ 

) 38^ 

74( 


95 
100 

88 

102 

95 
125 
115 
107 
112 

135 
110 
105 
100 
93 

125 
122 
122 
115 

28 

188 
300 
261 
237 
363 

383 

265 
324 
367 
300 
265 

800 
500 
335 
303 
261 

233 
203 
179 
188 
157 

162 
209 
227 
227 
21f 

24C 
19^ 
17C 
132 
132 

9^ 
132 
23( 
20( 
19' 

132 
7 14. 
) 10' 
i 9[ 
5 13i 
) 12. 


343 


2 


317 


3 


237 


4 


197 


6 


197 


6 


155 


7 


170 


8 . 


437 


9 


1 100 


10 


1,030 

1,170 
1,920 
4,160 
3,500 
1,280 

740 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 . 


16 


17 


740 


18 


668 


ig 


496 


20 


600 


21 


710 


22 


635 


23 


710 


24 


610 


25 


740 


26 


1,060 
800 


27 


28 


460 


29 


505 


30 


415 


31 




1919-20 
1 


145 


2. 








268 


3 








268 


4 








188 


5 








145 


6 








115 


7 








145 


8 








282 


9 








343 


10 








275 


11 








203 


12 








203 


13 








321 


14 








585 


15. 








411 


16 








314 


17. ... 








960 


18 








1,060 
925 


19 








20. 








} 740 


21 








) 509 


22 . 


] 








I 399 


23 


5 








) 355 


24.. . 


) 






23( 

18i 

14f 
llf 
14. 
20( 
1,36( 


) 300 


25 


5 






f 279 


26 


) 






I 247 


27 


5 






) 240 


28 


) 






r 268 


29 


J 






5 343 


30 








I 460 


31 


) 





























36 



Monthly discharge of Missisquoi River near Richford, Vt., for the years 
ending September 30, 1919 and 1920. 



(Drainage area, 445 square miles) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March . . . . 


7,870 

6,720 

4,160 

2,100 

400 

5.520 

8,000 

2,340 

2,240 

221 

383 

4,160 


565 
698 
770 
185 
230 
480 
925 
424 
176 
77 
28 
155 


2,180 

1,610 

1,500 

948 

298 

1,940 

2,650 

1,110 

402 

130 

173 

870 


4.90 
3.62 
3.37 
2.13 

.670 
4.36 
5.96 
2.49 
.903 
.292 
.389 
1.96 


5.65 
4.04 
3.88 
2.46 
.70 
5.03 


April 


6.65 


May 


2.87 


June 


1.01 


July 


.34 


Auffust 


.45 


September 


2.19 


The year . . . 

1919-20 

October 

November 

December 

Januarv 


8,000 

5,040 
7,740 
2,800 


28 

282 
800 
300 


1,150 

1,450 

2.020 

i;070 

210 

154 

1,030 

340 

854 

215 

377 


2.58 

3.26 
4.54 
2.40 
.472 
.346 
2.31 

.764 
1.92 
.483 
.847 


35.27 

3.76 
5.06 

2.77 
.54 


February 






.37 


March 1-20 

June 24-30 

July 


2,800 
1,360 
3,170 
800 
1,060 


88 
115 
221 

93 
115 


1.72 

.20 

2.21 


August 

September 


.56 
.94 



Note — Average discharge Jan 21-31, 1920, estimated 190 second-feet, and Feb, 
1-20, 1920, estimated 180 second feet. 



37 

Clyde River at West Derby (Newport), Vt. 

Location. — Just below plant of NeAvport Electric Light Co. 
at West Derby (Newport), Orleans Cmintv; about 1 mile above 
mouth of river. 

Drainage area. — 150 square miles. 

Records available.— Mscy 25, 1909, to September 30, 1920. 

Gages. — Water-stage recorder on right bank; referenced to 
gage datum by a hook gage inside the well ; chain gage ffastened 
to tree is used for auxiliary readings. Recorder inspected by 
E. C. Rogers and F. R. Sherwell. 

DiscJiarge measurements. — Mjade by wading near gage or 
from highway bridge one-half mile downstream. 

Cliannel and control. — Stream bed rough and irregular; 
covered v/ith boulders and ledge rock; fall of river rapid for 
some distance below gage. 

Extremes of discharge. — 1909-1920; High water of March 
25-30, 1913, reached maximum stage of 5.8 feet, as determined 
by engineers of Geological Survey from high-water marks (ap- 
proximate discharge 6,300 second-feet) ; minimum stage 1.60 
feet lat 5 :45 p. m. August 25, 1913, 7 :30 p. m. July 30, and 4 :50 
p. m. August 17, 1914 (discharge, 17 second-feet). 

Ice. — Ice usually covers large boulders below gage during 
greater part of winter, causing some backwater at the gage. 
Probably no effect from ice during winter of 1918-19. 

Regulation. — Flow at ordinary stages fully controlled by 
two dams at West Derby, but power plant is so operated that 
fluctuations in stage are not great. Distribution of flow affected 
also by several dams above West Derby. Seymour Lake and 
several smaller ponds in the basin afford a large amount of 
natural storage, but at the present time there is little if any 
artificial regulation at these ponds. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation practieally permanent, 
except when affected by ice; individual current-meter measure- 
ments occasionally plot erratically, probably because of rough 
measuring section. Rating curve fairly well defined. Operation 
of water stage recorder unsatisfactory during a part of the year, 
as indicated in footnote to daily-discharge table. Daily dis- 
charge ascertained by applying rating table to mean daily gage 
heights, using observer's reading of chain gage when recorder 
was not in operation. Results fair. 



38 



Discharge measurements of Clyde River at West Derby (Newport), Vt. 
during the two-j^ear period ending September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 



Discharge 



1918 
Dec. 1 

1919 
Jan. 17 
Feb. 25 
June 

1920 
June 25 



R. H. Suttie . 



23 R 



H. W. Fear 

M. R. Stackpole. 
H. Suttie 



M. R. Stackpole. 



Feet 
2.68 

2.43 
2.30 
2.52 

2.28 



Sec.-ft. 
335 

227 
153 
240 

144 



39 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Clyde River at West Derby (Newport), Vt., for the 
years ending Sept. 30, 1919 and 1920 



DAY 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


1918-19 
1 


532 
515 

490 
437 
374 

523 
684 
800 
910 
498 

628 
655 
565 
548 
374 

310 
540 
674 
565 
225 

227 
340 
400 
445 
353 

340 
353 
540 
374 
583 
1,100 


1,280 
1,330 
1,300 
1,030 
850 

610 
540 
557 
557 
702 

684 
548 
490 
467 
440 

415 
415 
430 
437 
380 

318 

259 
298 
310 
394 

365 
340 
340 
350 
350 


328 
328 
340 
328 
292 

292 
260 
260 
240 
220 

210 
190 
170 
170 
149 

152 
213 
367 
353 
340 

298 
298 
275 
286 
380 

360 
360 
394 
400 
350 
300 


264 
259 
264 
304 
300 

280 
260 
238 
227 
220 

220 
220 
215 
210 
210 

210 
204 
204 
204 
204 

204 
145 
145 
152 
150 

150 
150 
145 
145 
145 
145 


"138 

145 
145 
145 


138 
93 
134 
145 
160 

182 
227 
218 
243 
243 

222 
222 
243 
232 
204 

182 
204 
213 
218 
254 

387 
565 
540 
523 
523 

482 
482 
523 
583 
. 583 
583 


540 
523 
482 
482 
523 

523 
540 
655 

"637 
523 
565 
702 


740 
740 
740 
710 
565 

760 
565 

482 
498 
445 

482 
467 
374 
482 
280 

310 
320 
330 
340 
353 

374 
400 

498 
482 
445 

422 
422 
415 
407 
310 
259 

340 
334 

328 
316 

286 
286 
275 
259 


232 
259 
141 
196 
232 

232 

254 
238 
254 
269 

238 
191 
164 
149 
182 

145 

138 

128 

91 

81 

81 
105 
204 
238 

227 

204 
191 
145 
71 
167 

248 
227 
254 
269 

248 

232 
248 
232 
243 
238 

116 
62 
43 
35 

102 

145 
160 
156 
131 
134 

138 
145 
145 
141 

128 

47 
57 
113 
145 
141 


227 
227 
225 
225 
225 

225 
225 
227 
164 
81 

85 
99 
81 
113 
128 

120 
113 
91 
85 
83 

83 
85 
93 
102 
107 

67 
67 
67 
57 
62 
69 

152 
175 
175 
238 
280 

264 
238 
227 
204 
227 

243 
248 
222 
218 
213 

222 
222 
99 
119 
145 

152 
164 
191 
238 
204 

196 
196 
191 
204 
209 
196 


79 
113 
123 

128 
128 

107 
167 

298 
218 

128 

113 
182 

81 
53 
50 

44 
44 
53 
44 
37 

37 
50 
51 
51 
51 

60 
60 
160 
248 
200 
145 

91 

74 

116 

175 

204 

204 

175 

138 

83 

67 

53 

51 

46 

102 

204 

200 
191 
200 
204 
200 

191 
191 
96 

58 
56 

53 
58 
126 
178 
182 
187 


31 


2. ... 


44 


3 


62 


4.. 


60 


5 


60 


6. 


71 


7 


66 


8. . 


60 


9 


62 


10 


48 


11 


64 


12 


220 


13 


200 


14 


280 


15. . . 


390 


16 


350 


17 


340 


18 


290 


19 


240 


20 


220 


21 


180 


22 


190 


23 


230 


24 


200 


25 


190 


26 


60 


27 


220 


28s 


60 


29 


60 


30 


200 


31 




, 1920 
1 


187 


2 


93 


3 


51 


4 


62 


5 


53 


6 


99 


7 


182 


8 


182 


9 


182 


10 


182 


11. 


182 


12 


187 


13 


116 


14 .... 


71 


15 


60 


16 


64 


17 


126 


18 


254 


19 


232 


20 


232 


21 


238 


22 


227 


23 


213 


24 


209 


25 


209 


26 


196 


27 .... 


113 


28 


152 


29 


187 


30 . . . . 


187 


31 













40 

Note. — Water-stage recorder not in operation and discbarge 
estimated: Oct 8, 20, 23; Nov. 15, 26, 29, 30; Dec. 7-14, 29-31, 
1918. Jan. 5-7, 10-16, 25-31 ; May 17, 18, 22; July 3-7, 16; Aug. 
15, 22, 30; and Sept. 7-30, 1919 (chain gage read once daily). 

Monthly discharge of Clyde River at West Derby, (Newport), Vt., for 
the years ending September 30, 1919 and 1920. 

(Drainage area, 150 square miles) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 


1,100 

1,330 

400 

304 


225 
259 
149 
145 


513 
560 
287 
206 
110 
315 
751 
465 
182 
126 
107 
158 


3.42 
3.73 
1.91 
1.37 
.733 
2.10 
5.01 
3.10 
1.21 
.840 
.713 
1.05 


3.94 
4.16 
2.20 
1.58 

.76 


March 


583 


93 


2.42 


April 


5.59 


May 


760 
269 
227 

298 
390 


259 
71 
57 
37 
31 


.3.57 


June 


1.35 


July 


.97 


August 


.82 


September 


1.17 


The year . . . 

1920 

May 24-31 

June 


1,330 

340 
269 
280 
204 

254 


31 

259 
35 
99 
46 
51 


316 

303 
157 
202 
134 

158 


2.11 

2.02 
1.05 
1.34 

.893 
1.05 


28.53 

.60 
1.17 


July 


1.54 


August 


1.03 


September 


1.17 



Note — Average discharge Feb. 1-24, 1919, estimated 105 second-feet, and 
Apr. 9-26, 1919, estimated 880 second-feet. 



41 

Connecticut Kiver at Fairlee, Vt. (Orford, N. H.) 

Location. — At covered highway bridge between Fairlee, Vt., 
and Orford, N. H., approximately 8 miles downstream (by river) 
from mouth of Waits Raver and 22 miles above the mouth of 
White River. - ' 

Drainage area. — 3,100 square miles. 

Records available. — August 6, 1900, to September 30, 1920. 

Gages. — Chain on upstream side of bridge and inclined staff 
on left bank 25 feet below bridge. 

Discharge measurements. — Open-water measurements made 
from the bridge or from cable 500 feet above the bridge. 

Channel and control. — Channel wide and deep, with gravel- 
ly bottom; control for high stages is probably at the dam at 
Wilder, 20 miles downstream. 

Extremes of discharge. — 1900-1920: Maximum stage record- 
ed, 33.4 feet at 12 noon March 28, 1913 (approximate discharge 
by extension of rating curve, 57,300 second-feet) ; minimum 24- 
hour discharge 288 second-feet, September 28, 1909. 

Ice. — Stage-discharge relation affected by ice, usually from 
December to March ; ice cover usually remains in place through- 
out winter. 

Regulation. — About 4,100 million cubic feet of storage has 
been developed at First and Second Connecticut Lakes and trib- 
utary streamis above Pittsburgh. There are several power de- 
velopments above the station, but the operation of these mills 
does not seriously affect the distribution of flow. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation affected at times by use 
of flashboards at Wilder dam and during the winter by ice. 
Several rating curves have been used, each fairly well defined 
for period covered. Gage read to half -tenths twice daily. Daily 
discharge ascertained by applying rating table to mean daily 
gage heights, with corrections for ice during the winter. Re- 
sults good. Precipitation records at St. Johnsbury, Vt., are 
given for purposes of comparison only, as it is not probable that 
records at St. Johnsbury indicate fairly the average rainfall in 
the upper Connecticut basin ; the precipitation is probably con- 
siderably greater at places of higher altitude than along the 
river valley. 



42 



Monthly discharge of Connecticut River at Fairlee, Vt., (Orford, N. H.), for the two- 
year period ending Sept. 30, 1920. 

(Drainage area, 3,100 square miles) 



MONTH 



Observed discharge 
(second-feet) 



Max- 
imum 



Min- 
imum 



Mean 



Gain or 
loss in 
storage 
at Conn- 
ecticut 
Lakes 
(millions 
of cubic 
feet) 



Discharge without 

storage 

(second-feet) 



Mean 



Per 

square 
mile 



Run-off 
(depth 
in inches 
on drain- 
age area) 



Precipi- 
tation in 
inches at 
St.Johns- 
bury, Vt. 



1918-19 

October 

November. . . 
December. . . 

January 

February. . . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. . 

The year. . . . 
1919-20 

October 

November. . . 
December. . . 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. . 

The year. . . . 



28,000 

28,900 

13,500 

6,100 

3,500 

28,400 

29,500 

13,700 

5,840 

4,100 

1,620 

8.520 



29,500 

8,050 

17,600 

10,600 

2,700 

1,220 

36,400 

32,800 

25,200 

5,960 

5,650 

5,050 

7.000 



4,840 
4,610 
3,800 
3,000 
1,850 
3,200 
7,600 
4,610 
1,950 
960 
910 
1.180 



9,810 
9,630 
6,140 
4,130 
2,300 
8,980 
14,700 
8,950 
3,570 
1,720 
1,230 
2,730 



-1-1,103.3 

-1-377.5 

-f25. 

-341. 

-1,104. 

-194. 

-f922. 

-f 389.4 

-541.8 

-651.1 

-384.0 

-28. 



10,200 
9,780 
6,150 
4,000 
1,840 
8,910 

15,100 
9,100 
3,360 
1,480 
1,090 
2,720 



3.29 
3.15 

1.98 
1.29 

.594 
2.87 
4.87 
2.94 
1.08 
.477 
.352 
.877 



3.79 

3.51 

2.28 

1.49 

.62 

3.31 

5.43 

3.39 

1.20 

.55 

.41 

.98 



910 

1,600 
4,700 
2,350 
1,250 
980 
980 
9,470 
5,330 
1,580 
1,580 
1,340 
1,970 



6,180 

4,650 
8,220 
4,990 
1,670 
1,090 
8,210 
22,700 
12,500 
3,120 
3,140 
2,300 
3,280 



-428.2 

-f 307.1 
-F752.1 
-M43.0 

-1,454.7 

-451.8 

-1-92.3 

-M,220.0 
-f 884.7 
-548.4 
+241.8 
-742.1 
-588.3 



6,170 

4,760 

8,510 

5.040 

1,130 

910 

8,240 

23,200 

12,800 

2,910 

3,260 

2,020 

3.050 



1.99 



.54 

.75 

.63 

.365 

.294 

.66 

.48 

.13 

.939 

.02 

.652 

.984 



26.96 

1.77 

3.07 

1.88 

.42 

.32 

3.07 

8.34 

4.76 

1.05 

1.18 

.75 

1.10 



7.60 
1.99 
2.79 
1.93 
1.71 
2.74 
2.53 
3.01 
2.82 
.96 
3.92 
2.59 



34.59 

4.88 
3.10 
1.28 
1.59 
2.70 
3.14 
6.15 
1.67 
3.14 
5.38 
1.73 
7.38 



36,400 



6,320 



-144.3 



6.320 



2.04 



27.71 



42.14 



43 

Passumpsic Eiver at Piercers Mills, near St. Johnsbury, Vt. 

Location. — At suspension footbridge just' below Pierce's 
mills, about 2 miles below mouth of Sheldon Branch, 4 miles 
above mouth of Moose River, and 5 miles north of St. Johnsbury, 
Caledonia County. 

Drainage area. — 237 square miles. 

Records available.— Maj 26, 1909, to July 24, 1919. 

Gage — Staff, in two sections; low-water section a vertical 
staff bolted to ledge just above bridge ; high-water section an in- 
clined staff bolted to ledge below bridge ; read by W. I. Cox, and 
Clinton G. Taylor. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from footbridge or by wad- 
ing below the bridge. 

Channel and control. — Channel composed of ledge rock 
partly covered with gx/avel and alluvial depoi^its. At high 
stages the control is probably at the dam near Centervale. 

Extremes of discharge. — Maximum stage recorded during 
year, 9.4 feet at noon October 31 (discharge by extension of rat- 
ing curve, 4,320 second-feet) ; minimum stage recorded, 0.95 feet 
at 6:30 a. m. July 19 (discharge, 35 second-feet). 

1909-1919: Maximum stage recorded, 14.8 feet during the 
night of March 27, 1913, determined by levelling from flood 
marks (discharge not computed) ; minimum stage recorded, zero 
flow at various times due to water being held back by mills. 

Ice. — River freezes over at the control, causing the stage- 
discharge relation to be seriously aft'ected; ice jams occasionally 
form below the gage. 

Regulation. — An increased power development at Pierce's 
Mills by the construction of an hydro-electric power station at 
this place, has caused large fluctuations in discharge, and twice- 
a-day gage heights are considered insufficient for determination 
of meJan daily discharge subsequent to July, 1919. Discharge 
previous to that time was not seriously affected by regulation. 

Accuracy. — The stage-discharge relation has remained prac- 
tically perm|anent, except when affected by ice. Rating curve 
fairly well defined below 2,000 second-feet. Gage read to quar- 
ter-tenths twice daily. Daily discharge ascertained by applying 
rating tiable to mean daily gage heights, With corrections for 
effect of ice during the winter. Results good. 



44 



Discharge measurements of Passumpsic River at Pierce's Mills, near St . 
Johnsbury, Vt., during the year ending Sept. 30, 1919. 



DATE 


MADE BY 


Gage 
Height 


Discharge 


Jan. 18 


H. W. Fear 


Feet 
(a) 2.34 
(a) 2.04 

1.73 


Sec.-ft. 
281 


Feb. 22 


M. R. Stackpole 


185 


June 22 


R. H. Suttie 


190 









(a) Stage-discharge relation affected by ice. 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Passumpsic River at Pierce's Mills, near St. 
Johnsbury, Vt., for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919 



DAY 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


1 


360 
320 
375 
360 
360 

2,600 

1,880 

910 

640 

530 

500 
460 
420 
560 
500 

420 
375 
870 
600 
600 

1,120 
670 
530 
460 
460 

790 
830 
600 
530 
2,300 
3,770 


1,560 

1,040 

870 

670 

750 

710 
670 
600 
640 
640 

670 
670 
600 
630 
460 

460 
460 
1,120 
640 
530 

710 
640 
530 
500 
460 

390 
390 
360 
460 
750 


420 
420 
460 
420 
390 

360 
360 
340 
320 
320 

320 
320 
360 
420 
1,04€ 

710 
420 
390 
320 
305 

290 

390 

1,310 

1,000 

750 

640 
460 
390 
375 
375 
420 


560 
670 
710 
560 
530 

500 
500 
460 
410 
390 

340 
360 
370 
360 
300 

310 
300 
280 
280 
280 

260 
250 
300 
1,100 
830 

560 
500 
460 
380 
380 
290 


260 
230 
180 
230 
200 

210 
220 
210 
195 
185 

185 
185 
185 
180 
170 

150 
165 
175 
165 
170 

190 
180 
190 
200 
210 

220 
220 
220 


560 
800 
660 
520 
520 

540 
370 
260 
280 
680 

660 
500 
410 
405 
360 

340 
360 
460 
530 
750 

1,510 

1,510 

750 

750 

710 

750 

830 

2,420 

1,760 

1,410 

750 


530 
460 
530 
670 
870 

950 
1,460 
1,610 
1,170 
1,120 

1,610 
2,860 
1,710 
1,460 
1,080 

1,080 
1,510 
1,410 
1,080 
910 

1,000 
910 
830 
790 
790 

750 
710 
670 
1,000 
870 


710 
910 
790 
750 
1,000 

830 
670 
710 
600 
500 

500 
460 
460 
405 
360 

390 
530 
1,260 
750 
530 

460 
530 
1,000 
640 
530 

500 
420 
360 
360 
305 
260 


230 
216 
230 
202 
202 

176 
360 
320 
260 
290 

245 
202 
189 
164 
245 

320 
910 
420 
275 
260 

202 
176 
176 
164 
164 

152 
460 
460 
216 
176 


164 


2 


164 


3 


141 


4, 


141 


5 


130 


6. . 


120 


7 


141 


8 , . . 


128 


9 


117 


10 . . ... 


111 


11 


111 


12 


109 


13 


109 


14 


97 


15 


68 


16 


141 


17 


109 


18 


69 


19 


35 


20 


89 


21 


61 


22 


99 


23 


141 


24. 


68 


25 




26 




27 




28 




29 




30 




31 











45 



Monthly discharge of Passumpsic River at Pierce's Mills, near St. Johnsbury 
Vt., for the year ending September 30, 1919. 

(Drainage area, 237 square miles) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTHS 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


3,770 

1,560 

1,310 

1,100 

260 

2,420 

2,860 

1,260 

910 

164 


320 
360 
290 
250 
150 
260 
460 
260 
152 
35 


829 
649 
478 
445 
196 
746 
1,080 
596 
269 
111 


3.50 
2.74 
2.02 
1.88 

.827 
3.15 
4.56 
2.51 
1.14 

.469 


4.04 
3.06 
2.33 
2.17 

.86 
3.63 


April 


5.09 


May. . 


2.89 


June 


1.27 


July 1-24 


.42 



46 

Wpiite River at West Hartford, Vt. 

Location. — About 500 feet above the highway bridge in the 
village of West Hartford, Windsor County, 7 miles above mouth 
of river.* 

Di'ainage area. — 687 square miles. 

Records available. — June 9, 1915, to September 30, 1920. 

Gage. — Inclined staff on left bank; read by F. P. Morse. 

DiscJiarge measurements. — Made from cable 1,500 feet be- 
low the gage or by wading. 

Chmmel and control. — Channel wide and of fairly uniform 
cross-section at measuring section ; covered with gravel and small 
boulders. Control formed by rock ledge 100 feet below the gage ; 
well defined. 

Extremes of discJiarge. — 1915-1920 : Maximum stage record- 
ed, 15.0 feet at 6 p. m. MJarch 28, 1919 (approximate discharge 
by extension of rating curve, 20,500 second-feet) ; minimum stage 
recorded, 2.33 feet at 6 a. m. August 29,' 1916 ( approximiate 
discharge by extension of rating curve, 26 second-feet). The 
high water of March 27, 1913, reached a stage of 19.9 feet, as 
determined from reference point on scale platform opposite gage 
(discharge not determined). 

Ice. — Eiver freezes over at the gage; control usually re- 
mains partly open, although ice on the rocks. and along the shore 
affects the stage-discharge relation. 

Regulation. — There are several power plants on the main 
stream and 'tributaries above i the station, the nearest being that 
of the Vermont Copper Co. at Sharon; when this plant is in 
operation it causes some diurnal fluctuation in discharge at low 
stages. The effect of power plants farther upstream is elim- 
inated by the large amount of pondage at Sharon. 

Accuracy. — Stage-discharge relation practically permanent, 
except Avhen affected by ice. Rating curve fairly well defined 
between 150 and 5,000 seciond-feet. Staff gage read to quarter- 
tenths twice daily. Daily discharge ascertained by applying 
rating table to mean daily gage heights, with corrections for 
effect of ice during the winter. Results good. 



47 

Discharge measurements of White River at West Hartford, Vt., during 
the two-years ending September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 



Discharge 



1918 
Oct, 
Nov. 5 

1919 
Jan. 22 
Mar. 4 
June 17 
Aug. 1 
Nov. 22 

1920 
Jan. 13 
Feb 
Sept. 14 



29 R 



H. 

M, 
R. 
B. 
H. 

H. 
18 H. 



M 



H. Suttie.... 
H. Suttie. ... 

W. Fear 

R. Stackpole 
H. Suttie. . .. 
L. Bigwood . . 
S.Price 

S.Price 

S.Price 

R. Stackpole, 



(a) 
(a) 



Feet 
4.32 
5.18 

4.26 
4.98 
4.20 
2.84 
4.57 



(a) 4.01 

(a) 4.15 

3.96 



Sec.-ft. 

847 
1,500 

729 

1,230 

734 

139 

1,050 

268 
227 
584 



(a) Stage-discharge relation affected by ice. 



48 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of White River at West Hartford, Vt., for the two-year 
period ending Sept. 30, 1920. 



DAY 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


1918-19 
1 


1,040 
855 
925 

1,200 
960 

2,570 
2,840 
1,650 
1,370 
1,120 

1,040 
890 
820 
960 
785 

717 
685 
750 
785 
717 

1,200 

1,120 

890 

820 

750 

750 
1,040 
925 
820 
960 
5,110 

305 
285 
560 
590 
500 

685 
1,460 
890 
717 
750 

785 
685 
620 
560 
530 

590 

1,370 

1,040 

820 

750 

685 

1,120 

1,120 

925 

820 

750 
1,120 
1,200 
1,650 
1,200 
1,370 


2,840 
1,970 
1,550 
1,370 
1,550 

1,460 
1,370 
1,200 
1,200 
1,120 

1,120 
960 
925 
890 
890 

820 

820 

1,370 

7,100 

4,000 

2,700 
2,080 
1,750 
1,650 
1,460 

1,370 
1,280 
1,200 
1,750 
1,860 

2,080 
2,200 
1,750 
1,370 
1,550 

1,550 
1,460 
1,370 
1,280 
1,280 

1,200 
1,750 
4,180 
2,840 
2,080 

1,55C 
1,46C 
1,370 
1,280 
1,20C 

96C 
1,20C 
1,75C 
1,55C 
1,28C 

1,28C 
1,46C 
1,28C 
1,12C 
3,30C 


1,460 
890 
1,370 
1,280 
1,200 

890 
890 
960 
1,200 
960 

652 

855 

1,040 

1,040 

1,550 

2,200 

1,550 

1,200 

925 

925 

1,040 
1,040 
4,360 
2,840 
3,470 

2,840 
2,080 
1,650 
1,370 
1,200 
1,040 

2,700 
1,970 
1,370 
1,200 
1,280 

1,370 
1,200 
1,370 
1,280 
2,700 

1,550 
1,550 
1,750 
2,840 
1,860 

1,280 

1,120 

890 

820 

785 

750 
717 
685 
685 
620 

560 
590 
560 
470 
370 
370 


1,200 
2,320 
1,860 
1,650 
890 

960 
1,040 
1,370 
1,370 
1,040 

980 
740 
770 
960 
1,150 

920 
920 

880 
800 
780 

720 

700 

680 

1,700 

1.500 

980 
1,000 
820 
720 
700 
720 

340 
300 
300 
270 
250 

270 
270 
270 
270 
280 

270 
270 
300 
220 
200 

175 
200 
200 
160 
175 

185 
150 
175 
200 
175 

160 
175 
200 
140 
185 
140 


560 
820 
580 
600 
600 

600 
540 
520 
480 
440 

330 
270 
320 
420 
400 

400 
480 
340 
310 
290 

340 
310 
330 
420 
370 

420 
370 
340 

130 
175 
180 
150 
150 

200 
175 
200 
210 
210 

175 
250 
210 
210 
200 

200 
160 
250 
280 
260 

250 
250 
260 
260 
260 

250 
230 
200 
200 


960 
2,800 
1,550 
1,200 
1,950 

3,100 
1,500 
1,450 
1,370 
2,440 

1,860 
1,460 
1,750 
1,200 
1,200 

1,200 
1,040 
1,200 
1.970 
1,970 

3.640 
4,000 
2,440 
2,440 
2,320 

2,320 
2,700 
16100 
8,320 
4,730 
3,640 

200 
175 
200 
200 
200 

260 
620 
620 
500 
400 

350 

400 

2,100 

4,700 

2,300 

1,550 
3,000 
3,600 
1,950 
1,550 

1,300 
1,200 
1,350 
5,300 
10000 

9,600 
7,900 
7,300 
6,700 
6,100 
5,110 


2i840 
2,320 
2,200 
2,320 
2,440 

2,700 
4,000 
4,540 
3,640 
3,300 

3,300 
8,950 
4,540 
3,640 
2,840 

2,570 
3,140 
3,470 
2,990 
2,440 

2,320 
2,200 
1,970 
1,860 
1,970 

1,650 
1.550 
1,460 
1.650 
1.550 

4,180 
5,300 
5,300 
4,730 
4,540 

4,180 
4,730 
2,990 
2,440 
2,320 

2,440 
2,840 
8,740 
10400 
6,700 

8,320 
6.700 
5.500 
4,730 
4,730 

4.920 
11500 
9,160 
9,160 
5,900 

4,360 
3.640 
5.900 
6,100 
4.920 


1,370 
2,200 
1,970 
1,650 
1,750 

1.750 
1.550 
1,750 
1,460 
1,370 

1,370 
1,460 
1,280 
1,120 
1,040 

960 
1,200 
3,820 
3,640 
1.750 

1,460 
4,540 
7.500 
5.300 
3,300 

2.700 
2,570 
2,200 
1,860 
1.650 
1.370 

4.000 
3.300 
2.990 
2,990 
2,570 

2,440 
2,570 
2,700 
2,990 
2,440 

1,970 
1,970 
1,750 
1,550 
1,750 

1,460 
1,370 
1,280 
1.200 
1,120 

1,280 
2,990 
1,970 
1,550 
1,460 

1,280 
1,120 
960 
890 
750 
750 


1,280 

1,120 

1,040 

960 

820 

750 
820 
890 

1,370 

925 
717 
620 
590 
620 

620 
750 
750 
560 
620 

685 
500 
445 
395 
370 

345 
472 
1,040 
560 
472 

750 
590 
560 
530 
560 

960 
1440 
855 
750 
652 

530 
530 
652 
445 
370 

530 
560 
620 
890 
685 

717 
960 
750 
590 
472 

345 
370 
305 
395 
500 


395 
345 
305 
265 
230 

230 
247 
265 
230 
200 

200 
265 
230 
215 
200 

187 
187 
200 
187 
170 

155 

187 
265 
247 
200 

175 
160 
150 
170 
160 
155 

620 

500 

925 

1,370 

1,200 

960 
717 
685 
750 
652 

500 
472 
652 
590 
590 

560 
445 
370 
345 

785 

620 
395 
370 
345 
305 

325 
285 
230 
215 
230 
215 


126 
140 
126 
110 
132 

155 
187 
172 
162 
175 

140 
152 
126 
138 
132 

146 
142 
106 
150 
160 

175 
162 
146 
160 
134 

175 
155 
165 
155 
155 
187 

265 
265 
230 
200 
200 

175 
170 
138 
148 
173 

173 
420 
395 
370 
345 

500 
370 
230 
215 
200 

175 
230 
134 
175 
165 

162 
150 
128 
134 
126 
160 


215 


2. 


247 


3 


215 


4. 


175 


5 


230 


6. 


175 


7 


146 


8 


114 


9 


820 


10 


717 


11 


472 


12 


890 


13 


4.000 


14 


1,370 
890 

717 


15 » 

16 


17. . ... 


620 


18 


500 


19.. 


420 


20 


370 


21 


325 


22 


325 


23 


472 


24 


530 


25 


685 


26 


652 


27. . . 


560 


28 


420 


29 


420 


30 


370 


31... 




1919-20 
1 


155 


2 


175 


3 


170 


4 


155 


5 


155 


6 


110 


7. 


138 


8 


175 


9 


187 


10 


175 


11 


230 


12 


230 


13 


560 


14 


590 


15 


395 


16 


230 


17 


300 


18 


230 


19 


230 


20 


187 


21 


170 


22 


150 


23 


160 


24 


175 


25 


155 


26 


130 


27. . 


136 


28 


146 


29 


155 


30 


230 


31 









49 



Monthly discharge of White River at West Hartford, Vt., for the two- 
year period ending September 30, 1920. 



(Drainage area, 687 square miles) 





DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


1918-19 

'October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


5,110 

7,100 

4,360 

2,320 

820 

16,100 

8,950 

5,300 

1,370 

395 

1S7 

4,000 


685 
820 
652 
680 
270 
960 
1,460 
960 
345 
150 
106 
114 


1,200 

1,720 

1,480 

1,060 

436 

2,770 

2,880 

2,220 

731 

218 

150 

602 


1.75 
2.50 
2.15 
1.54 
.635 
4.03 
4.19 
3.23 
1.06 
.317 
.218 
.876 


2.02 
2.79 
2.48 
1.78 
.66 
4 65 


April. 


4 68 


May 


3 72 


June 


1 18 


July 


37 


August 


25 


September 


.98 


The year... 

1919-20 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


16,100 

1,650 

4,180 

2,840 

340 

280 

10,000 

11,500 

4,000 

1,040 

1,370 

500 

590 


106 

285 
960 
370 
140 
130 
175 
2.320 
'750 
305 
215 
126 
110 


1,290 

854 

1,670 

1,200 

222 

212 

2,800 

5,580 

1,920 

615 

556 

223 

203 


1.88 

1.24 
2.43 
1.75 
.333 
.309 
4.08 
8.12 
2.79 
.895 
.809 
.325 
.295 


25.56 

1.43 
2.71 
2.02 
.38 
.33 
4.72 


April 


9.06 


May 


3.22 


June 


1.00 


July 


.93 


August. . . 


.37 


September 


.33 


The year... 


11,500 


110 


1,340 


1.95 


26.50 



50 



Per cent of time duration of White River at West Hartford, Vt., for the 5-year period Oct. 
1, 1915, to Sept. 30, 1920. 

(Drainage area, 687 square miles). 



Sec-ft. 














Aver- 


Max- 


Min- 


per 


Sec-ft. 


1915-16 


1916-17 


1917-18 


1918-19 


1919-20 


age 


imum 


imum 


sq. mi. 




















0.05 


34 

69 

103 






100.0 
99.1 
99.1 






100.0 
99.8 
99.6 


100.0 
100.0 
100.0 


100.0 


.1 


'"ibb'.b 

99.5 


'"i66!6 

99.4 






99.1 


.15 


■"ioo'.o 


"ioo^o 


99.1 


.2 


137 


97.8 


98.9 


97.5 


97.5 


97.8 


97.9 


98.9 


97.5 


.3 


206 


89.4 


87.4 


82.5 


85.7 


79.2 


84.8 


89.4 


79.2 


.4 


275 


81.7 


80.5 


74.0 


81.4 


68.3 


77.2 


81.7 


68.3 


.5 


344 


69.2 


62.0 


64.5 


78.0 


65.0 


67.7 


78.0 


62.0 


.6 


412 


64.8 


55.9 


54.3 


75.0 


59.8 


62.0 


75.0 


54.3 


.7 


481 


62.9 


46.5 


46.3 


71.2 


58.2 


57.0 


71.2 


46.3 


.8 


550 


57.1 


42.7 


43.3 


69.9 


55.2 


53.6 


69.9 


42.7 


.9 


618 


53.8 


40.2 


40.3 


67.5 


50.5 


50.5 


67.5 


40.2 


1.0 


687 


49.2 


38.4 


34.8 


64.5 


45.6 


46.5 


64.5 


34.8 


1.1 


756 


44.2 


36.7 


32.6 


59.7 


41.8 


42.4 


59.7 


32.6 


1.2 


824 


41.3 


35.1 


29.6 


55.4 


40.2 


40.3 


55.4 


29.6 


1.3 


893 


39.1 


33.4 


26.6 


51.5 


38.8 


37.9 


51.5 


26.6 


1.4 


962 


35.6 


31.2 


25.2 


46.3 


36.9 


35.0 


46.3 


25.2 


1.5 


1,030 


32.5 


31.2 


25.2 


45.5 


36.9 


34.3 


45.5 


25.2 


1.6 


1,100 


32.5 


29.9 


23.3 


41.6 


36.3 


32.7 


41.6 


23.3 


1.75 


1,200 


27.9 


28.2 


21.6 


39.7 


34.4 


30.4 


39.7 


21.6 


1.9 


1,300 


26.0 


26.3 


19.2 


34.2 


28.4 


26.8 


34.2 


19.2 


2.05 


1,410 


24.0 


24.4 


18.1 


29.9 


25.1 


24.3 


29.9 


18.1 


2.25 


1,550 


21.0 


23.0 


17.5 


26.8 


23.5 


22.4 


26.8 


17.5 


2.5 


1,720 


19.4 


20.6 


15.6 


22.2 


20.5 


19.7 


22.2 


15.6 


2.75 


1,890 


16.9 


17.5 


14.5 


18.9 


18.6 


17.3 


18.9 


14.5 


3.0 


2,060 


15.0 


16.2 


14.5 


17.0 


17.2 


16.0 


17.2 


14.5 


3.5 


2,400 


12.8 


12.3 


11.8 


13.4 


15.6 


13.2 


15.6 


11.8 


4.0 


2,750 


10.4 


9.0 


10.4 


10.1 


13.1 


10.6 


13.1 


9.0 


4.5 


3,090 


7.9 


6.8 


8.2 


7.9 


10.7 


8.3 


10.7 


6.8 


5.0 


3,440 


4.9 


5.5 


6.6 


6.6 


10.1 


6.7 


10.1 


5.5 


7.0 


4,810 


1.9 


2.7 


2.5 


1.9 


6.6 


3.1 


6.6 


1.9 


10.0 


6,870 


.5 


1.4 


.5 


1.4 


2.7 


1.3 


2.7 


.5 


15.0 


10,300 


.0 


.0 


.0 


.3 


.5 


.16 


.5 


.0 


20.0 


13,700 








.3 


.0 


.06 


.3 




25.0 


17,20C 








.0 




.00 


.0 




30 


20,600 


























1 











51 



West River at Newfane, Vt. 

Location.— Ax covered highway bridge li/4 miles northeast 
of village of Newfane, Windham Comity. 

Drainage area. — 310 square miles. 

Records available.— Be^ptember 13, 1919, to September 30, 
1920. 

Gage. — Chain on do\\Tistream side of highway bridge. 

DiscJiarge measurements. — Made from highwiay bridge or by 
wading. 

Channel and control. — ^Gravel and ledge; well defined rip- 
ple just above island 800 feet below gage ; probably permanent. 

Extrem.es of discharge. — 1919-1920. Maximum stage record- 
ed, 11.75 feet at 6:10 p. m. April 13, 1920 (discharge not de- 
termined) ; minimum stage recorded. 3.69 feet on morning and 
afternoon of September 27, 1920 (discharge, 53 second-feet). 

Ice. — River freezes over and stage-discharge relation serious- 
ly affected. 

Regulation. — A few small mills above the station do not 
seriously affect the distribution of flow. 

Accuracy — Stage-discharge apparently permanent except 
when affected by ice. Rating curve fairly well defined between 
70 and 2,000 second-feet. Gage read to half -tenths twice daily 
except from December 24 to March 25, when it was read once 
a day. Daily discharge ascertained by applying rating table 
1o mean daily gage heights^ with corrections for effect of ice 
during the "winter. Results good. 

Discharge measurements of West River at Newfane, Vt., during period 
September 13, 1919, to September 30, 1920. 



DATE 



MADE BY 



Gage 
Height 



Discharge 



1919 
Sept. 13 
14 

1920 
Jan. 12 
Apr. 7 
Aug. 



M. R. Stackpole. 
B. L. Bigwood. . 



24J 



H. S. Price.. 
H.S.Price.. 
L. Lamson 



Feet 



(a) 



Sec.-ft. 

1,360 

651 

250 
1,790 

77 



(a) Stage-discharge relation affected by ice. 

Note — ^Additional discharge measurements made subsequent to Sept. 30, 
1920, were used in developing the rating curve. 



52 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of West River at Newfane, Vt., for the period Sept. 13. 

1919. 



DAY 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



Jan. 



Feb. 



Mar. 



Apr. 



May 



June 



July 



Aug. 



Sept. 



1919 



9. 
10, 

11. 
12. 
13. 

14. 
15. 

16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 

21. 
22. 
23. 
24, 

25. 

26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 



10. 



12.. 
13.. 
14.. 
15.. 



1920 



109 
109 
162 
174 
154 

146 
420 
255 
197 
309 

413 
309 
225 
197 
179 

188 
1,030 
546 
372 
320 

265 
515 
586 
359 
298 

265 
610 
712 
916 
570 
1,020 



1,890 
l.f" 
1,310 
907 
1,310 

1,260 
933 
831 
754 
652 

627 

986 

1,790 

1,490 

907 

678 
578 
538 
515 
492 

515 

485 
578 
530 
427 

882 

1,080 

763 

2,400 



1,580 
968 
678 
620 



700 
740 
660 
780 
1,630 

1,040 

865 

865 

1,890 

1,170 

848 
680 
460 
380 
380 

370 
370 
330 
420 
320 

290 
320 
350 
290 
260 
260 



240 
250 
220 
260 
260 

240 
320 
220 
260 
260 

290 
260 
260 
240 
220 

190 
190 
190 
170 
170 

150 
150 
150 
150 
130 

ai5 

115 
115 
100 
115 
115 



115 
130 
115 
150 
150 

130 
130 
130 
130 
115 

100 
100 
100 
115 
150 

130 
100 
100 
100 
100 

85 
100 
100 
100 

85 

85 
75 
65 
65 



65 
65 
65 
65 
75 

170 
350 
660 
700 



490 
450 

1,050 

3, 

2,800 

2,500 
2,500 
2,900 
2,400 
2,000 

1,600 
1,300 
1,300 
2,100 
000 

3,440 
4,160 
3,650 
2,920 
2,920 
2.820 



2,560 
3,130 
2,920 
2,400 
2,770 

3,030 
1,890 
1,350 

995 

1,080 
1,140 
4,580 
3,750 
2,300 

3,030 
2,720 
2,240 
2,140 
2,240 

2,460 
3,540 
3,130 
3,540 
2,190 

1,680 
1,530 
3,340 
2,820 
1,990 



1,530 


166 


1,310 


174 


1,190 


166 


1,310 


142 


1,130 


174 


933 


1,030 


882 


602 


1,010 


427 


1,580 


326 


1,190 


245 


968 


174 


797 


174 


754 


166 


729 


134 


695 


142 


586 


162 


546 


24C 


538 


1,400 


522 


968 


554 


515 


977 


470 


1,350 


627 


890 


420 


720 


265 


618 


206 


538 


179 


427 


150 


339 


138 


270 


130 


183 


138 


174 





124 
124 
124 
130 
115 

106 
115 
100 
95 
100 

95 
100 
130 
138 
134 

166 
121 
103 
146 
538 

220 
121 
121 
166 
174 

121 
97 
97 
92 
92 
92 



97 

134 

103 

85 

73 



63 
63 

303 
392 
298 
635 
594 

298 
215 
183 
142 
109 

100 
90 
82 
80 
75 

75 
71 

75 
65 
59 

75 



1,580 
618 
320 

281 
220 
170 
150 
142 

124 
118 
441 
372 
309 

250 
215 
179 
130 
121 



115 
95 

87 
80 



57 
73 
73 
73 
92 

303 
166 
220 
250 
158 

103 
112 

85 
85 
77 

77 
69 
63 
69 
63 

63 
53 
67 
61 
118 



53 



Monthly discharge of West River at Newfane, Vt., for the year ending 
September 30, 1920. 

(Drainage area, 310 square miles) 





" 

DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET 


RUN-OFF 


MONTH 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Mean 


Per square 
mile 


Depth in in- 
ches on 
drainage area 


October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 


1,030 

2,400 

1,890 

320 

150 

4,160 

4,580 

1,580 

1,400 

538 

635 

303 


109 

427 

260 

100 

65 

65 

995 

174 

130 

92 

59 

53 


385 
982 
683 
197 
109 
1,700 
2,450 
814 
342 
135 
156 
103 


1.24 
3.17 
2.20 
.636 
.352 
5.48 
7.90 
2.62 
1.10 
.435 
.503 
.332 


1.43 

3.54 

2.54 

.73 

.38 

6.32 

8.81 

3.02 

1.23 

.50 

.58 

.37 


April 


May 


June 


July 

Auffust . . . . 


September 


The year . . . 


4,580 


53 


672 


2.17 


29.45 



54 

WHITE RIVER BASIN 

General Features 

White River, the largest Vermont tributary of the Connecti- 
cut, drains an. area of 710 square miles, the greater part of which 
is in Windsor land Orange counties. Small areas in the southern 
part of Washington county and the eastern part of Addison 
county are also drained by tributaries of White River. 

The Rochester sheet, U. S. Geological Survey topographic 
map, shows the river as rising north of Battell Mountain in the 
town of Ripton at an elevation of about 3,700 feet. It flows in a 
general easterly direction about 41/2 miles to the village of Gran- 
ville, where it is joined by Alder Meadow Brook and Kendall 
Brook ; it then turns sharply to the south and flows through the 
central part of Granville to the village of Hancock, a distance of 
4 miles, w^here it is joined by Robins Branch from the west. From 
Hancock to Rochester, 4 miles farther, the river course is some- 
what winding, but generally east of south. West Branch which 
rises in the southwestern part of Hancock and drains the western 
part of Rochester, joins the main river about a mile south of 
Rochester village. After the confluence with West Branch the 
course of the river is slightly south of southeast for a distance of 
6 miles to the village of Stockbridge. Half a mile south of Stock- 
bridge, another West Branch, sometimes cJalled Tweed River, or 
Pittsfield Branch, enters from the ^^^st. This branch drains a 
mountainous area in Chittenden and Pittsfield called "Michi- 
gan," practically all of which is covered with forest. Between 
Pittsfield and the mouth of Twxed River, the valley broadens out 
into a basin of fertile farm lands. 

About a mile below the mouth of Tweed River, there enters 
a tributary from the south called Stony Brook. In this vicinity 
White River begins a wide swing to the northward, and from 
Gaysville to Bethel its course Is very nearly northeast. The 
White River Valley R. R., a steam railway of standard gage, al- 
though little used, connects the to^^ns of Rochester and Bethel, 
and follows close to the river throughout most of the distance of 
18 miles. At Bethel the river is joined by a branch known as 
the Third Branch or Randolph Branch. This branch rises in 
Roxbury and follows a general southerly and southeasterly direc- 
tion, passing through parts of the to^vns of Granville, Braintree 
and Randolph. It is closely followed throughout its course by 
the m'ain line of the Central Vermont R. R., wihich is also located 
close to tlie river from Bethel to White River Junction. 

From Bethel to Sharon, a distance of about 12 miles, the 
river has a general easterly direction, making a northward swing 



Do 

just below the village of Royalton, but swinging still more to the 
south at South lioyalton. At North Royalton the river is joined 
by the Second Brajich, and at South Royalton by the First 
Branch; both of these tributaries entering from the north after 
following nearby parallel courses through the western part of 
Orange County. 

After making a swing farther to the south at Sharon, the 
river flows in a southeasterly direction to its confluence with the 
Connecticut River at White River Junction in the towTi of Hart- 
ford. 

Throughout most of its course the river flows over a bed of 
gravel and alluvial deposits, much of it being water worn frag- 
ments of glacial debris. Wide flood plains and terraces border 
the river, and form fertile meadows between the side walls of 
the valley. The side slopes are generally steep and rise a thous- 
and feet or mjore in the distance of a mile back from the river. 
The tributary streams are likewise bordered by abrupt side walls, 
and all have rather steep grades. These steep side slopes give 
the river a quick run-off, and cause a -rapid rise in stage when- 
ever the rainfall is at all heavy. There are very few lakes and 
ponds in the basin, and the few small ones which exist have trib- 
utary dr(ainage areas so small that they are of no value in regu- 
lating the flow of the river. 

Records of the flow have been obtained at the following 
gaging stations : 

White River at Sharon, 1903-1904 and 1909-1912. 

White River at West Hartford, 1915-1920. 

A giage was established on the Second Branch of White 
River near North Randolph, October 15, 1920. 

On page 50 of this report, there is given a duration table 
which shows the percent of time for which different rates of 
flow have been maintained during each year of the 5-year period, 
1915-1920. This table will be found useful in connection with 
studies of power developments on the river. 

Water Powers 

There are seven dams now in existence on White River, al- 

, tliough not all of them are in use at the present time. The three 

principal tributaries, the first, second, and third branches, have 

numerous small power developments, and a number of dams also 

exist on the smaller tributaries. 

The first dam above the mouth of the river is that of the 
Hartford Woolen Company at Hartford. This is a timber struc- 
ture about 450 feet long and 8 feet high, giving a head of 11 
feet on the water wheels. This di'am is now in poor condition and 



56 

unless rebuilt or extensively repaired will probably not with- 
stand many more flood stages. Some additional head could 
probably be obtained at this place. There are two water wheels 
rated at 60 horsepower each, and steam engines of 200 horse- 
power capacity are used for auxiliary power. It can easily be 
seen that the water power might be materially increased here. 
With the present head of 11 feet, and new water wheels of the 
proper size to use the water efficiently, the flow of the river 
should give during 90 per cent of the time a power output 50 
per cent greater than th,e rated capacity of the old water wheels, 
and during 9 months of the year, or 75 per cent of the time, the 
power would be nearly three times that now obtained from the 
present wheel installation. The pond back of the dam is com- 
paratively small, and only the natural flow of the river is to 
be had. 

The second dam lOn the river is that of the Sharon PoAver 
Co. (Vermont Copper Co., lessee), about a mile below the vil- 
lage of Sharon. This is a concrete dam built in 1908, and at 
ordinary stages gives a head of 18 feet, which may be increased 
to 20 feet by the use of flashboards. At high water the head 
is at times reduced to as low as 10 feet, on account of filling up 
the river channel below the dam. The power house located on 
the right bank of the river is provided with two units, each unit 
consisting of a 400 horsepower water wheel direct-connected to 
a 250-kilowatt generator. The dam and power houses were built 
to provide electric power for the mines of the Vermont Copper 
Co., at South Strafford. (See 1917-1918 Report of State Geolo- 
gist of Vermont, page 141.) A 200 horsepower gasoline engine 
at So. Strafford is available for auxiliary power. Mining opera- 
tions have been unsuccessful, and as no other market has been 
provided for the power, the water has run to waste over the dam 
most of the time during the past five years. The construction 
of the concrete dtam in 1908 flooded out a timber dam which 
had been built in the village of Sharon, and forms a pond about 
three miles loug. 

Th,c third dam across White River is in the town of Bethel, 
about three-fourth of a mile below the mouth of tbe Third 
Branch. This is a timber crib dam 260 feet in length which was 
built about 25 years ago and gives a head of 3 8 feet. The power 
house was completely remodeled in 1917, and is provided with 
electric generators of 550 kilowatts capacity. The power is used 
in the stone sheds and tannery at Bethel, and for lii?hting; the 
plant being connected mth other developments of the Hortonia 
Power Co., allows for an interchansre of power according: to the 
demands in the territory served by this company. A steam 
turbine at the stone sheds provides for auxiliary power when 



57 

needed there. It is stated that water \^7;astes over the dam about 
6 months of the year. 

The next dam on the river is in the villas^e of Gaysville, 
town of Stoekbridge, and is also one of the Hortonia Power Co. 
properties. This is a timber dam 117 feet long, and it gives a 
head of 25 feet on three water wheels. The wheels, which were 
installed in 1908, have a conibined capacity of 500 horsepower, 
the powej' being taken into the Hortonia sj^stem for general 
lighting and power purposes. The operator states that water 
wastes o^'or the dam about 6 months in the year. 

The fifth dam is an old timber dam in the village of Roches- 
ter owned by the Eastern Talc Co. About 8 feet of head was at 
one time obtained here, but no use is now made of the power. 

A little farther upstream in the village of Eochester is the 
dam owned by Goodnow and Hubbard. This is a log dam 300 
feet long and it gives a head of about 8 feet, which has been 
used for running a grist mill and a saw mill. A 35 horse power 
water wheel, inslialled in 1902, is now idle, and power when need- 
ed is obtained from a 45 horsepower gasoline engine. 

The seventh dam is that of the Granville Manufacturing 
Co. at Gran\dlle, Avhere 160 horsepower is used in the manufac- 
turing of lumber and wooden ware. This is a new log dam, 
built in 1920, and gives a head of 28 feet. A 15 horsepower gas- 
oline engine is used for auxiliary power when the water is low. 

First Branch of White River 

The First Branch, so called, joins White River near the 
village of South Royalton. About a mile above the mouth there 
are two dams ; at the first dam a head of 14 feet is obtained and 
was used for many years for running a grist mill and a saw mill. 
The grist mill is now closed for lack of custom, but the saw mill 
continues to do a good business. A total of 70 horsepower is 
developed at this dam. The mill pond is smiall, and operation 
is dependent upon water passing the dam immediately above. 
The second dam gives a head of 8 feet, and sets the water back 
for a distance of a mile. There is but one water wheel, and 
that has a rating of 27 horsepower. The power has been used 
for various purposes, principally woodworking, but at one time 
a shoe manufacturing pliant was in operation. No use is now 
being made of the power at this dam. 

The next dam, about a mile below the village of Tunbridge, 
develops a head of 11 feet which is sometimes increased by the 
use of fiashboards. One water wheel of 50 horsepower capacity 
is used for operating a saw mill. The pond extends back about 
a mile. 



58 

The fourth dam is at Tunbridge village, and develops a 
head of 16 feet. The power is used for a saw mill and a grist 
mill, the two wheels giving about 95 horsepower, but only the 
grist null ean run during low water. A short distance upstream, 
there is another dam with a head of 12 feet use for operating a 
woodworking shop. About 50 horsepower is developed. 

The sixth dam is at North Tunbridge, where a head of 10 
feet is obtained. Three water wheels are installed, with a com- 
bined capaeit}^ of 65 horsepower, but they can be used to full 
capacity onh^ during the spring and fall. During low water 
only the grist mill or smjall band saw are used. 

The next development is in the town of Chelsea, about 3% 
miles below Chelsea village. This is a saw mill operated by a 
43 horsepower water wheel under a head of 10 feet. During July 
and August the mill can ordinarily run only half a day at a 
time. 

One mile below Chelsea village a head of 16 feet is used 
for operating a saw mill and a grist mill. The two water wheels 
have a combined capacity of 95 horsepower, but they can both 
be used at full gate only when the water is high. 

In Chelsea village there are two dams. The first dam is 
used for a grist mill with three water wheels which develop 40 
horsepower under a head of 12 feet, but at low water only one 
wheel can be used. The upper dam gives 18 feet of head which 
is used by a saw mill. The wheel is rated at 40 horsepower, but 
can be used only half a day at a time during the summer. 

The total developed head on the First Branch amounts to 
127 feet, with a water wheel installation of 575 horsepower. It 
will be noted that not all of this power is now being used, some 
of the wheels being idle, but that now in use is for local pur- 
poses, principally for saw mills and gristmiUs. No electrical 
development has yet been made ; the power for electric lights in 
towns along the First Branch comes from developments on the 
Second Branch. 

Second Branch of White River 

The first dam on the Second Bnanch is about two miles 
above the mouth and was formerly known as Stoughton's Mijls. 
For many years this power was used for a grist mill, but with 
the decline of the milling industry and the demand for electric 
power for lighting purposes, the plant was remodeled and a 60- 
kilow^tt generator installed by the Royalton Power Company. 
The present water wheel, installed in 1909, has a rating of 90 
horsepower and is supplemented by a 125 horsepower steam 
engine. The head under maximum allowable water level is 18 



59 

feet 3 inches. This head might be increased 15 feet by building 
a dam a little farther upstream, and a considerable amount of 
storage obtained. The higher water level would flood several 
acres of farm land and require the relocation of a few hundred 
feet of highway. The power is used for lighting the village of 
Royalton, South Royalton, Tunbridge and Chelsea. 

At East Bethel an old log dam develops a head of 14 feet. 
Four water wheels with a combined capacity of 120 horse power 
are used for running a saw and shingle mill, grist mill and 
creamery. The wheels can all be used only during periods of 
high water, a 10 horsepower steam engine being used for the 
ereameiy when water is low. 

The third dam is at the village of Ekst Randolph. This is 
a concrete structure built in 1915 and develops a head of 10 feet. 
One 25 horsepower water wheel is directly connected to an auto- 
matically controlled electric generator Avhich delivers current at 
110 volts for use in East Randolph village. Service is furnished 
24 hours a day during the winter; during the summer service 
is limited to 14 hours a day, except that continuous service is 
given on 2 days a week to allow for the use of numerous small 
motors and household electrical equipment. The operation of 
the plant is said to be very satisfactory and is financially suc- 
cessful. Previous to the installation of the hydro-electric station 
the water pov/er was used for running a grist mill, saw mill, 
and creamery. 

About a mile below North Randolph village, a head of ]4 feet 
has been developed. The old timber dam is in poor condition and 
leaks so badly that the water power is of Little use. The capacity 
of the water wheels is 70 horsepower, but a 20 horsepower steam 
engine is depended upon to operate the creamery, which is the 
sole user of power lat the present time. With a new dam 8 feet 
higher than the old one, a head of 22 feet would be obtained, and 
the higher water level would create a pond covering about 75 
acres. The first dam at this site was built in 1799. 

At North Randolph village a head of about 9 feet is ob- 
tained and a 40 horsepower water wheel is used for operating 
a saw mill, shingle mill, and grist mill. During a large part of 
the time there is insufficient water for operating purposes. 

Pond Brook coming in from the west joins the Second 
Branch at East Brookfield village. This stream hlas a large 
amount of fall, and in years past there have been developments 
which utilized betwen 90 and 100 feet of head and probably 
gave more than 150 horsepower. Of these old developments, 
all are now abando-ned except two, a cider mill and a saw mill. 
These dams have heads of 12 feet and 20 feet respectively, with 
wheel installations amounting to 55 horsepower. A 12 horse- 



60 

power gasoline engine is also used for auxiliary power at the 
cider mill. There are severial ponds above the upper dam, the 
largest of which is Brookfield Pond, about 50 acres in size. 
Brookfield Pond and two smiall ponds above that have been 
dammed and the flow^ controlled by gates. Another pond of 
about 10 acres mjight also be used for storage. 

Apparently, there are possibilities for developing 300 feet 
of head in addition to that now in use. The tributary drainage 
area is comparatively small, but the flow might be well regulated 
by storage in the ponds and lakes. 

Third Branch of White River 

The first dam on the Third Branch is in Bethel village, not 
far above the confluence with White River. The dam is of tim- 
ber crib construction land about 5% feet high, with 2i/^ feet of 
flashboards, giving a maximum head of 30 feet. One water 
wheel of 75 horsepower is used for a saw mill, and one wheel 
of 50 horsepower for a grist mill. The grist mill is run through- 
out the year, but there is insufficient water for both wheels dur- 
ing low water periods. 

The next dam is at Randolph village, where a head of 10 
feet develops 25 horsepower for use in a foundry. The pond 
back of the dam is small, and operation is dependent upon water 
as it passed the dam just above. A 25 horsepow^er, electric 
motor is used for auxiliary power. 

The upper diam in Raiidolph village is an old log structure 
which lealvs badly. At this dam a 45 horsepower wheel under a 
head of 14 feet is used for a grist mill, and a 40 horsepower wheel 
with a head of 12 feet for a saw mill. There is a shortage of 
w.'ater during three months of the year, and auxiliary power 
fmm electric motors is used; the motors having a combined 
capacity of 75 horsepower. 

The fourth dam is at Braintree, where a head of 9 feet is 
obtained. One 40 horsepower water wheel is used for a grist 
mill ; a second wheel of 25 horsepower used for the saw mill was 
injured by fire in the spring of 1919, land has not yet been 
replaced. A 100 horsepower steam engine is used for additional 
power. 

Ayers Brook joins the Third Branch near Randolph village. 
This stream rises in Brookfield and flows through tlie northeast- 
ern comer of Braintree. At East Braintree there is a log djam 
which gives a head of 13 feet and one water wheel is installed 
with a capacity of about 50 horsepower. Only about 30 horse- 
power can be obfeined, however, on account of the small size 
of the approach channel. The power is used for running a saw 



61 

and grist mill. The drainage area above this point is small, and 
but little water is ^available except during the high water period. 

Tweed River 

This stream, which joins White Eiver at Stockbridge, has 
two developments. The first is a new concrete dam about one- 
fourth mile above the confluence with White River. Three 
water wheels aggregating 175 horsepower under a head of 12 feet 
are used for operating wood turning machinery, a saw mill, and 
a small electric generator. There is not enough water for oper- 
ating at full capacity during low water periods. An excellent 
opportunity exists for a stoiiage dam a short distance above this 
development. 

In Pittsfield village a dam furnishes a head of 18 feet for 
wheels of 80 horsepower capacity. The power is used for a saw 
mill, and there is said to be sufficient wjater except during two 
months in the summer. 

Miscellaneous Small Dams 

There are undoubtedly a number of small dams on brooks 
tributary to White River which are not included in the above 
list. At some of these dams the power is of considerable use 
locally, but taken all together the aggregiate amount of power 
developed at these few miscellaneous dams is comparatively 
small. 

Storage 

As will be seen by examination of the discharge tables, 
there is need for additional storage if the water power develop- 
ments are to be operated efficiently. This is true for all Ver- 
mont rivers, and especially the White River, where there is a 
wide variation between the high flow of early spring and the 
low flow of summer and mid winter. As has been stated, there 
are very few lakes and ponds in the basin ; nor are there many 
opportunities for building reservoirs. One opportunity on the 
Second Branch has already been mentioned. Another possibility 
is on Tweed River, where there is an excellent site for a dam 
just above Barrow's Mill. A short dam at this place would 
make a pond three miles long, setting the wlater back as far as 
Pittsfield. About two miles of highway would have to be re- 
located and the meadow lands on several farms would be covered. 

There are also possible reservoir sites on the river between 
Stockbrige and Pittsfield, but on account of damages to the 



62 



railroad and highway, and to farm lands and buildings, the 
cost would probably be prohibitive. 

Considering the use now being made of the water power, 
there is little probability of any storage projects being under- 
taken in the near future. 



Summary of Water-Power Developments in the White River Basin 



Name of Stream 


Tributary to 


Total 
developed 
head now 

used 


Total 

water 

wheel 

installation 


Auxiliary 
power 


Head once 
used but 
now aban- 
doned 


Additional 
possibilities 


White River 
First Branch 


Connecticut at 
White River Jet. 

White River at 
South Royalton 

White River at 
North Royalton 

Second Branch at 
East Brookfield 

White River at 
Bethel 

Third Branch at 
Randolph 

White River at 
Stockbridge 


Feet 
100 

127 

65 

32 

63 

13 

30 


H.P. 
2,350 

575 

345 

55 
300 

30 
255 


H.P. 

960 


Feet 
16 


Feet 
35 

20 


Second Branch 


155 

12 

200 




25 


Pond Brook 
Third Branch 


60 


300 


Ayers Brook 






Tweed River 






100 










Total 




430 


3,910 


1,327 


76 


480 



